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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENERGY EFFICIENCY 1 The provided definition is a result of integrating formulations from International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Efficiency Market Report 2015: Market Trends and Medium-Term Prospects (Paris: 2015), https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/ publication/MediumTermEnergyefficiencyMarketReport2015. pdf, and IEA, “Energy Efficiency,” http://www.iea.org/topics/ energyefficiency/, viewed 15 February 2016. 2 Energy efficiency policy and target figures from REN21 Policy Database. Information on the increased emphasis on energy efficiency activities from IEA, Capturing the Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency (Paris: 2014), http://www.iea.org/publications/ freepublications/publication/Captur_the_MultiplBenef_ ofEnergyEficiency.pdf. Note: This section is intended to be only indicative of the overall landscape of policy activity and is not a definitive reference. Policies listed are generally those that have been enacted by legislative bodies. Some of the policies listed may not yet be implemented, or are awaiting detailed implementing regulations. It is obviously difficult to capture every policy, so some policies may be unintentionally omitted or incorrectly listed. Some policies also may be discontinued or very recently enacted. For the most part, this report does not cover policies that are still under discussion or formulation, except to highlight overall trends. Information on policies comes from a wide variety of sources, including the REN21 1 Gigaton Coalition Survey 2015, REN21 EAC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report 2016, REN21 SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report 2015, REN21 UNECE Renewable Energy Status Report 2015, World Energy Council Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures Database, IEA and International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures Database, Asian Development Bank, press reports, submissions from REN21 regional- and countryspecific contributors and a wide range of unpublished data. It is unrealistic to be able to provide detailed references for all sources here. Figure 42 is based on idem and on numerous sources cited throughout this section. 3 Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) website, http://se4all. org, viewed 29 January 2016; G20, G20 Energy Efficiency Action Plan (Brisbane, Australia: 16 November 2014), http:// www.g20australia.org/sites/default/files/g20_resources/ library/g20_energy_efficiency_action_plan.pdf; Clean Energy Ministerial website, http://www.cleanenergyministerial.org, viewed 29 January 2016; European Commission, “Commission launches plan for Energy Union,” press release (Brussels: 25 February 2015), https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/news/ commission-launches-plan-energy-union. 4 International energy efficiency initiatives were undertaken during 2015 by several United Nations (UN) Regional Commissions, the UN Development Programme, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the World Bank, the IEA, the EU-GCC Clean Energy Network and the Green Climate Fund of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 5 UNFCCC, “INDC – Submissions,” http://www4.unfccc.int/ submissions/indc/Submission%20Pages/submissions. aspx, viewed 29 January and 4 May 2016. See, for example, Laura Merrill, Philip Gass, and Helen Picot, “OPINION: Fossil fuel subsidy reform—turning the tide?” Climate & Development Knowledge Network, August 2015, http://cdkn. org/2015/08/opinion-fossil-fuel-subsidy-reform-turningthe-tide/; Joy A. Kim, “The INDCs at the heart of the Paris Climate Summit: what is the role of fiscal instruments?” UN Environment Programme (UNEP) Green Economy blog, 1 December 2015, http://web.unep.org/greeneconomy/blogs/ indcs-heart-paris-climate-summit-what-role-fiscal-instruments. 6 Ivetta Gerasimchuk, Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform: Critical Mass for Critical Change, Working Paper sponsored by The Stanley Foundation and the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin Key Regional Actors and Sector Opportunities for International Climate Change Cooperation (Austin: 2015), http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/climatechange/ Gerasimchuk-Fossil-FuelSubsidyReform.pdf. 7 Kata Tüttö, “Cities can play a key role in combating climate change,” The Parliament Magazine, 12 October 2015, https:// www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/articles/opinion/citiescan-play-key-role-combating-climate-change; ICLEI Global website, http://www.iclei.org, viewed 29 January 2016; C40 website, http://www.c40.org, viewed 29 January 2016; Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy website, http://www. covenantofmayors.eu/index_en.html. 8 UNEP Finance Initiative (FI), “UNEP FI and partners mobilise over 140 financial institutions to scale up global investment in energy efficiency,” http://www.unepfi.org/work-streams/ energyefficiency/, viewed 29 April 2016; UNEP FI, “Over 100 Financial Institutions Mobilized to Increase Global Investment in Energy Efficiency,” undated, http://www.unepfi.org/fileadmin/ documents/EnergyEfficiencyFinanceStatement.pdf. 9 SE4All, Progress Toward Sustainable Energy: Global Tracking Framework 2015 (Washington, DC: 2015), http://www.worldbank. org/content/dam/Worldbank/Event/Energy%20and%20 Extractives/Progress%20Toward%20Sustainable%20Energy%20 -%20Global%20Tracking%20Framework%202015%20-%20 Key%20Findings.pdf. 10 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2015 (Paris: 2015), http://www. worldenergyoutlook.org/weo2015/. 11 World Energy Council, “Energy Efficiency Indicators Database,” 2015, https://www.wec-indicators.enerdata.eu/. Figure 43 from “World Energy Statistics: World Energy Consumption & Stats,” 2014, http://yearbook.enerdata.net/. 12 IEA, op. cit. note 10, Table 10.3, p. 400. 13 Ibid., p. 584. 14 IEA, op. cit. note 1. 15 Ibid. 16 US Department of Energy (DOE), “Retrofit existing buildings,” http://energy.gov/eere/buildings/retrofit-existing-buildings, viewed 9 February 2016. 17 European Commission, “Buildings,” http://ec.europa.eu/energy/ en/topics/energy-efficiency/buildings. 18 IEA, op. cit. note 1. 19 European Commission, “Buildings,” op. cit. note 17. 20 Navigant Research, “Energy Efficiency Retrofits for Commercial and Public Buildings,” 2014, http://www.navigantresearch. com/research/energy-efficiency-retrofits-for-commercialand-public-buildings; “Commercial building energy efficiency retrofits will surpass $127 billion in annual market value by 2023, forecasts Navigant Research,” Business Wire, 3 April 2014, http:// www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140403005285/en/ Commercial-Building-Energy-Efficiency-Retrofits-Surpass-127. 21 Matthew Ulterino and Eric Bloom, Executive Summary: Energy Efficient Buildings: Europe. Energy Efficient HVAC, Lighting, Insulation and Glazing, Building Controls, and Energy Service Companies: Market Analysis and Forecasts (Boulder, CO: Navigant Research, 2014), http://ovacen.com/wp-content/ uploads/2014/09/edificios-energeticamente-eficientes-eneuropa.pdf. 22 Ibid. 23 Catherine Zhou, “The Emerging Chinese Market for Building Energy Efficiency: Government and Industry. Insights Based on Years of US–China Collaboration,” webinar, 29 October 2014, http://www.globalchange.umd.edu/data/seminars/2014-10-29- China_Bldg_EE_Opportunities.pdf. 24 US DOE, “Chapter 5: Increasing Efficiency of Building Systems and Technologies,” in Quadrennial Technology Review: An Assessment of Energy Technologies and Research (Washington, DC: September 2015), http://energy.gov/sites/prod/ files/2015/09/f26/Quadrennial-Technology-Review-2015_0.pdf. 25 REN21, Renewables 2014 Global Status Report (Paris: 2014), Sidebar 4, p. 42, www.ren21.net/gsr; Alex Vanden Borre, “Definition of heat pumps and their use of renewable energy sources,” REHVA Journal, August 2011, pp. 38–39, http://www. rehva.eu/fileadmin/hvac-dictio/01-2012/04-2011/Definition_of_ heat_pumps_and_their_use_of_renewable_energy_sources.pdf. 26 John W. Lund and Tonya L. Boyd, “Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2015 worldwide review,” Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, April 2015, pp. 19–25, https://pangea.stanford.edu/ ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2015/01000.pdf. 27 Thomas Novak, European Heat Pump Association, personal communication with REN21, February 2016. 28 Brett Bridgeland, “New DOE definition of zero-energy buildings is a base hit, not a home run,” Rocky Mountain Institute blog, 5 November 2015, http://blog.rmi.org/ 252
ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_2015_11_05_new_doe_definition_of_zero_energy_ buildings_is_a_base_hit_not_a_home_run. 29 Figure includes NZE verified (44) and emerging (275) buildings and districts as well as ultra-low-energy buildings (106). New Buildings Institute, Characteristics from Zero Net Energy Buildings, PowerPoint presentation, March 2016, http://newbuildings.org/ hubs/zero-net-energy/. 30 Eike Musall, “Net Zero Energy Buildings – Worldwide,” http:// batchgeo.com/map/net-zero-energy-buildings, updated December 2013. 31 Europe from Amina Lang, International Passive House Association, “Passive House: An International Solution for a Sustainable Energy Future,” presentation at the UN Economic Commission for Europe Sustainable Energy Conference, Yerevan, Armenia, 30 October 2015, http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/ DAM/energy/se/pp/eneff/6th_IFESD_Yerevan_Oct.15/EE_S. Cit/d2_s2/Amina.Lang.Passive.House.pdf; United States from Graham Wright, Katrin Klingenberg, and Betsy Pettit, Climate- Specific Passive Building Standards (Washington, DC: US DOE, July 2014), http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64278.pdf. 32 World Energy Council, op. cit. note 11. Figure 44 from idem. 33 Steven Nadel, “US electricity use is declining and energy efficiency may be a significant factor,” American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) blog, 25 February 2014, http://aceee.org/blog/2014/02/us-electricity-usedeclining-and-ener; Stephen Batstone and David Reeve, Trends in Residential Electricity Consumption (London: Electricity Networks Association, 5 August 2014), http:// www.comcom.govt.nz/dmsdocument/12306; Hugh Saddler, “Why is electricity consumption decreasing in Australia?” REnew Economy, 2 January 2014, http://reneweconomy.com. au/2014/why-is-electricity-consumption-decreasing-inaustralia-19459; Nick Evershed, “Electricity demand loses its buzz as households find savings,” The Guardian (UK), 17 June 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/jun/18/ electricity-demand-loses-its-buzz-as-households-find-savings. 34 In general, increasing energy intensity in the Middle East has been due in part to economic diversification, expansion of energyintensive industry, population growth and fossil fuel subsidies. See Justin Dargin and Martin Vladimirov, “Energy intensity: a time bomb for the Middle East?” in Energy in the Middle East 2012 (London: Petroleum Economist, 2012), www.petroleumeconomist.com. 35 Figure 45 from World Energy Council, op. cit. note 11. 36 Ibid. 37 Freedonia Group, “World Major Household Appliances,” http:// www.freedoniagroup.com/industry-study/2822/world-majorhousehold-appliances.htm, viewed 9 February 2016. 38 Steven Nadel, Neal Elliott, and Therese Langer, Energy Efficiency in the United States: 35 Years and Counting (Washington, DC: ACEEE, 2015), Figure 5, p. 7, http://aceee.org/research-report/ e1502. 39 John Cymbalsky, “Energy Savings Week: Standards for kitchen and laundry products create big savings,” US DOE, 17 December 2015 http://energy.gov/eere/articles/energy-savings-weekstandards-kitchen-and-laundry-products-create-big-savings. 40 IEA, op. cit. note 1. 41 Ibid. 42 Ibid. 43 IEA 4E, Benchmarking Report: Impact of ‘Phase-Out’ Regulations on Lighting Markets, March 2015, pp. 1–66, http://mappingandbenchmarking.iea-4e.org/shared_files/676/ download. 44 Ibid. 45 Ibid. 46 William Rhodes, Jamie Fox, and Alice Tao, Top Lighting and LEDS Trends for 2015 (Englewood, CO: IHS, 2015), https://technology.ihs.com/api/binary/520405. 47 Sarita Singh, “LED lamp production up 30 times to 3 crore a month,” Times of India, 16 November 2015, http:// articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-16/ news/68326208_1_rs-500-crore-90-crore-surya-roshni. 48 Rhodes, Fox, and Tao, op. cit. note 46. 49 World Energy Council, op. cit. note 11. Figure 46 from idem. 50 Alexander Körner, Pierpaolo Cazzola, and François Cuenot, International Comparison of Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy – Evolution over 8 Years from 2005 to 2013 (London: Global Fuel Economy Initiative and IEA, 2014), http://www.fiafoundation.org/ media/45112/wp11-iea-report-update-2014.pdf. 51 International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), “Global Passenger Vehicle Standards,” 2014, http://www.theicct.org/ info-tools/global-passenger-vehicle-standards. 52 There were 1.2 billion vehicles of all kinds in operation as of 2014, from John Voelcker, “1.2 billion vehicles on world’s roads now, 2 billion by 2035: report,” Green Car Reports, 29 July 2014, http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1093560_1-2-billionvehicles-on-worlds-roads-now-2-billion-by-2035-report. On a final energy basis, the top ten most efficient US EVs exceed 100 miles per gallon equivalent (MPGe), and hybrid vehicles have ratings of 42–56 MPGe. By contrast, the most efficient internal combustion engine vehicle (diesel) has a US rating of 37 MPGe, from US Department of Energy, “Compare New and Used Diesel Vehicles,” 2015, http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/PowerSearch. do?action=DieselSbs; US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Electric vehicles – learn more about the new label,” http:// www3.epa.gov/carlabel/electriclabelreadmore.htm, viewed 10 February 2016. 53 Inside EVs, “Monthly Plug-In Sales Scorecard,” http://insideevs. com/monthly-plug-in-sales-scorecard/. viewed February 2016; David Shepardson and Bernie Woodall, “Electric vehicle sales fall far short of Obama goal,” Reuters, 20 January 2016, http:// www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-electric-obama-insightidUSKCN0UY0F0; Nic Lutsey, “Global milestone: The first million electric vehicles,” ICCT, 29 September 2015, http://www.theicct. org/blogs/staff/global-milestone-first-million-electric-vehicles. 54 Inside EVs, op. cit. note 53; Shepardson and Woodall, op. cit. note 53. 55 China’s annual market exceeded 200,000 vehicles, up from 104,000 in 2014, in response to national measures to promote electric and plug-in passenger vehicles; however, plug-in EVs continued to represent only 0.3% of the Chinese market, from “Automotives Statistics,” http://www.caam.org.cn/newslist/a101-1. html, viewed 9 February 2016; IHS, “Norway leads global electric vehicle market,” press release (Southfield, MI: 7 July 2015), http:// press.ihs.com/press-release/automotive/norway-leads-globalelectric-vehicle-market-ihs-says; Norway saw EVs achieve a 22% share of all new car sales during the first three quarters of 2015, up from a 12% share the previous year, based on 2015 figure from David Jolly, “Norway is a model for encouraging electric car sales,” New York Times, 16 October 2015, http://www.nytimes. com/2015/10/17/business/international/norway-is-global-modelfor-encouraging-sales-of-electric-cars.html?_r=1; 2014 figure from IEA, “Global EV Outlook 2015: Key Takeaways” (Paris: 2015), http://www.iea.org/evi/Global-EV-Outlook-2015-Update_2page. pdf; Europe from European Automobile Manufacturers Association, “New passenger car registrations by alternative fuel type in the European Union,” press release (Brussels: 5 February 2016), http://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/ AFV_registrations_Q4_2015_FINAL.PDF. 56 IEA, Global EV Outlook. Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020 (Paris: April 2013). https://www.iea.org/ publications/globalevoutlook_2013.pdf. 57 Global BRT Data website, http://brtdata.org, viewed 29 February 2016. 58 Climate Bonds Initiative, Scaling Up Green Bond Markets for Sustainable Development (London: September 2012), https:// www.climatebonds.net/files/files/CBI-Guide-2015-final-web.pdf. 59 Joshua D. Miller and Cristiano Façanha, The State of Clean Transport Policy – A 2014 Synthesis of Vehicle and Fuel Policy Developments (Washington, DC: ICCT, 2014), p. 73, http://www. theicct.org/state-of-clean-transport-policy-2014. 60 Ibid. 61 US Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 with Projections to 2040 (Washington, DC: April 2015), http:// www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383%282015%29.pdf. 62 Jasper Faber and Maarten ‘t Hoen, Historical Trends in Ship Design Efficiency (Delft: CE Delft, March 2015), http://www.cedelft. eu/publicatie/historical_trends_in_ship_design_efficiency/1621. 06 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 253
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Country of Spain, the first commerc
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7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
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Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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Sharp - in the storage market by in
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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Page 247 and 248: ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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Page 257 and 258: ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
Page 259 and 260: ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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Page 263 and 264: NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
Page 265 and 266: GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
Page 267 and 268: GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
Page 269 and 270: GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
Page 271 and 272: PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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