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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE
POLICY LANDSCAPE
1 This section is intended to be only indicative of the overall
landscape of policy activity and is not a definitive reference.
Policies listed are generally those that have been enacted by
legislative bodies. Some of the policies listed may not yet be
implemented, or are awaiting detailed implementing regulations.
It is obviously difficult to capture every policy, so some policies
may be unintentionally omitted or incorrectly listed. Some
policies also may be discontinued or very recently enacted.
This report does not cover policies and activities related to
technology transfer, capacity building, carbon finance and
Clean Development Mechanism projects, nor does it highlight
broader framework and strategic policies – all of which are still
important to renewable energy progress. For the most part, this
report also does not cover policies that are still under discussion
or formulation, except to highlight overall trends. Information
on policies comes from a wide variety of sources, including the
International Energy Agency (IEA) and International Renewable
Energy Agency (IRENA) Global Renewable Energy Policies and
Measures Database, the US Database of State Incentives for
Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE), RenewableEnergyWorld.com,
press reports, submissions from REN21 regional- and countryspecific
contributors and a wide range of unpublished data.
Much of the information presented here and further details on
specific countries appear on the “Renewables Interactive Map”
at www.ren21.net. It is unrealistic to be able to provide detailed
references for all sources here. Table 4 and Figures 38 through
41 are based on idem and on numerous sources cited throughout
this section.
2 United Nations, “Sustainable Development Goals,” http://www.
un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-developmentgoals/,
viewed 18 February 2016.
3 IRENA, Renewable Energy Target Setting (Abu Dhabi: 2015),
http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/
IRENA_RE_Target_Setting_2015.pdf.
4 Henriette Jacobsen and James Crisp, “EU leaders adopt ‘flexible’
energy and climate targets for 2030,” EurActiv, 28 October 2014,
https://www.euractiv.com/section/sustainable-dev/news/
eu-leaders-adopt-flexible-energy-and-climate-targets-for-2030/.
5 Economic Community of West African States, ECOWAS
Renewable Energy Policy (Praia, Cabo Verde: 2015), http://www.
ecreee.org/sites/default/files/documents/ecowas_renewable_
energy_policy.pdf.
6 Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy
Efficiency (RCREEE), “Djibouti validates 2015-2035
energy conservation strategy,” 5 July 2015, http://www.
rcreee.org/news/djibouti-validates-2015-2035-energyconservation-strategy;
Legifrance, “LOI n° 2015-992 du
17 août 2015 relative à la transition énergétique pour la
croissance verte,” https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.
do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000031044385&categorieLien=id;
World Resources Institute (WRI), “CAIT Climate Data Explorer:
Paris Contributions Map,” http://cait.wri.org/indc/#/, viewed 12
December 2015.
7 Sidebar 4 derived from the following sources: All submitted
INDCs can be found at United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), “Intended Nationally Determined
Contributions (INDCs),” http://unfccc.int/focus/indc_portal/
items/8766.php; the text of the COP21 Paris Agreement can
be found at UNFCCC, Adoption of the Paris Agreement (Paris:
12 December 2015), https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/
cop21/eng/l09.pdf; decoupling from Henning Wuester et al.,
Rethinking Energy 2015 (Abu Dhabi: IRENA, 2015); share of
INDCs with renewables goals from WRI, op. cit. note 6, viewed
3 January 2016; varying scope and ambition of pledges from
UNFCCC, Synthesis Report on the Aggregate Effect of INDCs
(Bonn: 30 October 2015), http://unfccc.int/focus/indc_portal/
items/9240.php; Government of Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone’s
Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC), 10 October
2015, http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/indc/Submission%20
Pages/submissions.aspx; Malawi and Jordan from Wuester et al.,
op. cit. this note; transport-focused measures from Partnership
on Sustainable Low Carbon Transport (SLoCaT), Intended
Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) Offer Opportunities
for Ambitious Action on Transportation and Climate Change, 19
October 2015, http://slocat.net/sites/default/files/indc_report_-_
preliminary_assessment_october_18.pdf; USD 100 billion
pledge from Richard Chatterton, “Weak agreement reached
in Paris,” Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 12 December 2015,
http://view.emails.bnef.com/?j=fe671573706000797517&m=fea
315737567067d76&ls=fe0117737065057d7512737d&l=f-
ec71672756d0278&s=fe2c11757466027a721670&jb=ffce15&-
ju=fe2e167072660c7e701575&r=0; WRI, op. cit. note 6; boost
technological innovation and renewable energy deployment from
John Gale, IEAGHG Information Paper: 2015-IP24; INDCs and
Implications for CCS, IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, 3
November 2015, http://www.ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/
Publications/Information_Papers/2015-IP24.pdf; growth in
wind and solar capacity from Jessika Trancik et al., Technology
Improvements and Emissions Reductions as Mutually Reinforcing
Efforts: Observations from the Global Development of Solar
and Wind Energy (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 13 November 2015), http://trancik.scripts.mit.edu/
home/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Trancik_INDCReport.pdf;
growth estimates for 2030 from Katherina Ross and Thomas
Damassa, Assessing the Post-2020 Clean Energy Landscape
(Washington, DC: WRI, November 2015), http://www.wri.org/
sites/default/files/WRI-OCN_Assessing-Post-2020-Clean-
Energy-Landscape.pdf; need for further scaling up from United
Nations Environment Programme, “INDCs signal unprecedented
momentum for climate agreement in Paris, but achieving 2
degree objective contingent upon enhanced ambition in future
years,” 6 November 2015, http://www.unep.org/newscentre/
Default.aspx?DocumentID=26854&ArticleID=35542; revisiting
commitments from Ross and Damassa, op. cit. this note.
8 The Climate Group, “Infographic: How governments are leading
on climate through the compact of states and regions,” 2 July
2015, http://www.theclimategroup.org/what-we-do/news-andblogs/infographic-how-governments-are-leading-on-climatethrough-the-compact-of-states-and-regions/.
9 Edgar Mexa, “UK: Energy Secretary comes clean about missing
renewable energy target,” PV Magazine, 11 November 2015,
http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/uk--energysecretary-comes-clean-about-missing-renewable-energy-target
_100021931/#axzz3raPkAXOS.
10 Kathleen Araujo, Stony Brook University, personal
communication with REN21, 24 January 2016.
11 RCREEE, op. cit. note 6. Additional African countries adopted
targets for smaller shares or specified capacities of renewable
energy technologies. These include Benin’s targets of 396 MW
of hydropower and 54.2 MW of solar PV by 2030; Lesotho’s
target to increase renewable energy by 200 MW by 2020 (40
MW of solar by 2017/18, 35 MW of wind by 2017 and 125 MW of
hydropower by 2025); Malawi’s target to install 20,000 solar PV
systems and increase solar PV from 20,000 to 50,000 by 2030
and to produce 351 MW of hydroelectricity; Niger’s target of
250 MW of cumulative installed renewable generation capacity
by 2030 (up from 4 MW in 2010) and to double the share of
renewables to 30% by 2030; Senegal’s target of 160 MW of solar
PV, 150 MW of wind and 144 MW/522 GWh of hydropower, as
well as 392 villages electrified with solar or hybrid diesel/solar
mini-grids and 27,000 domestic biodigesters; and Uganda’s
target of at least 3,200 MW of renewable energy by 2030 (up
from 729 MW in 2013).
12 Additional SIDS adopted targets for smaller shares or specified
capacities of renewable energy technologies. These include
Comoros goal of 43% by 2030; Barbados target of 65% of peak
demand by 2030; Haiti’s commitment to 47% renewable power
(24.5 hydro, 9.4% wind, 7.5% solar, 5.6% biomass) by 2030;
São Tomé and Príncipe’s goal of 47% renewable energy; and
Madagascar’s target of 79% renewable power (no date given).
Capacity targets were also set in a number of SIDS, including:
Antigua and Barbuda, which used its INDC submission to
commit to the development of 50 MW of on- and off-grid
renewable power by 2030; Grenada’s commitment to deploying
10 MW of solar, 15 MW of geothermal and 2 MW of wind (no date
given); Kiribati’s sector-specific and geographic targets for South
Tarawa (23% increase in renewable energy), Kiritimati Island
(40% increase in renewable energy), rural public infrastructure
(40% increase in renewable energy) and rural public and private
institutions (100% increase in renewable energy) by 2025; and
the Solomon Islands, which anticipates reaching an installed
capacity of 3.77 MW of hydropower, 3.2 MW of solar and 20–40
MW of geothermal (no date given).
13 Governor of the State of Hawaii, “Governor Ige signs bill setting
100 percent renewable energy goal in power sector," press
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