ENDNOTES 04 INVESTMENT FLOWS INVESTMENT FLOWS 1 The BNEF estimate for investment in large hydropower (>50 MW) is based on about 26.3 GW. BNEF estimates that large hydro projects totalling some 26.3 GW received financial go-ahead in 2015, equivalent to around USD 43 billion of asset finance. Costs per MW for large hydro vary significantly from region to region, and this is why investment was estimated by BNEF to be lower in 2015 than in 2014 even though the capacity financed in 2015 was significantly higher. Estimating the value of large hydro dams reaching ‘final investment decision’ stage in any given year is complicated by the fact that many projects begin initial construction several years before the point of no return, or even the award of full permitting, is reached. Some also run into delays during the long construction process. (See Hydropower section in Market and Industry Trends chapter.) 2 National Energy Agency of China, National Electric Power Industry Statistics, sourced from the National Energy Board, 15 January 2016, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2016-01/15/c_135013789.htm. 246
ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY LANDSCAPE 1 This section is intended to be only indicative of the overall landscape of policy activity and is not a definitive reference. Policies listed are generally those that have been enacted by legislative bodies. Some of the policies listed may not yet be implemented, or are awaiting detailed implementing regulations. It is obviously difficult to capture every policy, so some policies may be unintentionally omitted or incorrectly listed. Some policies also may be discontinued or very recently enacted. This report does not cover policies and activities related to technology transfer, capacity building, carbon finance and Clean Development Mechanism projects, nor does it highlight broader framework and strategic policies – all of which are still important to renewable energy progress. For the most part, this report also does not cover policies that are still under discussion or formulation, except to highlight overall trends. Information on policies comes from a wide variety of sources, including the International Energy Agency (IEA) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures Database, the US Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE), RenewableEnergyWorld.com, press reports, submissions from REN21 regional- and countryspecific contributors and a wide range of unpublished data. Much of the information presented here and further details on specific countries appear on the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net. It is unrealistic to be able to provide detailed references for all sources here. Table 4 and Figures 38 through 41 are based on idem and on numerous sources cited throughout this section. 2 United Nations, “Sustainable Development Goals,” http://www. un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-developmentgoals/, viewed 18 February 2016. 3 IRENA, Renewable Energy Target Setting (Abu Dhabi: 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/ IRENA_RE_Target_Setting_2015.pdf. 4 Henriette Jacobsen and James Crisp, “EU leaders adopt ‘flexible’ energy and climate targets for 2030,” EurActiv, 28 October 2014, https://www.euractiv.com/section/sustainable-dev/news/ eu-leaders-adopt-flexible-energy-and-climate-targets-for-2030/. 5 Economic Community of West African States, ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy (Praia, Cabo Verde: 2015), http://www. ecreee.org/sites/default/files/documents/ecowas_renewable_ energy_policy.pdf. 6 Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE), “Djibouti validates 2015-2035 energy conservation strategy,” 5 July 2015, http://www. rcreee.org/news/djibouti-validates-2015-2035-energyconservation-strategy; Legifrance, “LOI n° 2015-992 du 17 août 2015 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte,” https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte. do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000031044385&categorieLien=id; World Resources Institute (WRI), “CAIT Climate Data Explorer: Paris Contributions Map,” http://cait.wri.org/indc/#/, viewed 12 December 2015. 7 Sidebar 4 derived from the following sources: All submitted INDCs can be found at United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), “Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs),” http://unfccc.int/focus/indc_portal/ items/8766.php; the text of the COP21 Paris Agreement can be found at UNFCCC, Adoption of the Paris Agreement (Paris: 12 December 2015), https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/ cop21/eng/l09.pdf; decoupling from Henning Wuester et al., Rethinking Energy 2015 (Abu Dhabi: IRENA, 2015); share of INDCs with renewables goals from WRI, op. cit. note 6, viewed 3 January 2016; varying scope and ambition of pledges from UNFCCC, Synthesis Report on the Aggregate Effect of INDCs (Bonn: 30 October 2015), http://unfccc.int/focus/indc_portal/ items/9240.php; Government of Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone’s Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC), 10 October 2015, http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/indc/Submission%20 Pages/submissions.aspx; Malawi and Jordan from Wuester et al., op. cit. this note; transport-focused measures from Partnership on Sustainable Low Carbon Transport (SLoCaT), Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) Offer Opportunities for Ambitious Action on Transportation and Climate Change, 19 October 2015, http://slocat.net/sites/default/files/indc_report_-_ preliminary_assessment_october_18.pdf; USD 100 billion pledge from Richard Chatterton, “Weak agreement reached in Paris,” Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 12 December 2015, http://view.emails.bnef.com/?j=fe671573706000797517&m=fea 315737567067d76&ls=fe0117737065057d7512737d&l=f- ec71672756d0278&s=fe2c11757466027a721670&jb=ffce15&- ju=fe2e167072660c7e701575&r=0; WRI, op. cit. note 6; boost technological innovation and renewable energy deployment from John Gale, IEAGHG Information Paper: 2015-IP24; INDCs and Implications for CCS, IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, 3 November 2015, http://www.ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/ Publications/Information_Papers/2015-IP24.pdf; growth in wind and solar capacity from Jessika Trancik et al., Technology Improvements and Emissions Reductions as Mutually Reinforcing Efforts: Observations from the Global Development of Solar and Wind Energy (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 13 November 2015), http://trancik.scripts.mit.edu/ home/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Trancik_INDCReport.pdf; growth estimates for 2030 from Katherina Ross and Thomas Damassa, Assessing the Post-2020 Clean Energy Landscape (Washington, DC: WRI, November 2015), http://www.wri.org/ sites/default/files/WRI-OCN_Assessing-Post-2020-Clean- Energy-Landscape.pdf; need for further scaling up from United Nations Environment Programme, “INDCs signal unprecedented momentum for climate agreement in Paris, but achieving 2 degree objective contingent upon enhanced ambition in future years,” 6 November 2015, http://www.unep.org/newscentre/ Default.aspx?DocumentID=26854&ArticleID=35542; revisiting commitments from Ross and Damassa, op. cit. this note. 8 The Climate Group, “Infographic: How governments are leading on climate through the compact of states and regions,” 2 July 2015, http://www.theclimategroup.org/what-we-do/news-andblogs/infographic-how-governments-are-leading-on-climatethrough-the-compact-of-states-and-regions/. 9 Edgar Mexa, “UK: Energy Secretary comes clean about missing renewable energy target,” PV Magazine, 11 November 2015, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/uk--energysecretary-comes-clean-about-missing-renewable-energy-target _100021931/#axzz3raPkAXOS. 10 Kathleen Araujo, Stony Brook University, personal communication with REN21, 24 January 2016. 11 RCREEE, op. cit. note 6. Additional African countries adopted targets for smaller shares or specified capacities of renewable energy technologies. These include Benin’s targets of 396 MW of hydropower and 54.2 MW of solar PV by 2030; Lesotho’s target to increase renewable energy by 200 MW by 2020 (40 MW of solar by 2017/18, 35 MW of wind by 2017 and 125 MW of hydropower by 2025); Malawi’s target to install 20,000 solar PV systems and increase solar PV from 20,000 to 50,000 by 2030 and to produce 351 MW of hydroelectricity; Niger’s target of 250 MW of cumulative installed renewable generation capacity by 2030 (up from 4 MW in 2010) and to double the share of renewables to 30% by 2030; Senegal’s target of 160 MW of solar PV, 150 MW of wind and 144 MW/522 GWh of hydropower, as well as 392 villages electrified with solar or hybrid diesel/solar mini-grids and 27,000 domestic biodigesters; and Uganda’s target of at least 3,200 MW of renewable energy by 2030 (up from 729 MW in 2013). 12 Additional SIDS adopted targets for smaller shares or specified capacities of renewable energy technologies. These include Comoros goal of 43% by 2030; Barbados target of 65% of peak demand by 2030; Haiti’s commitment to 47% renewable power (24.5 hydro, 9.4% wind, 7.5% solar, 5.6% biomass) by 2030; São Tomé and Príncipe’s goal of 47% renewable energy; and Madagascar’s target of 79% renewable power (no date given). Capacity targets were also set in a number of SIDS, including: Antigua and Barbuda, which used its INDC submission to commit to the development of 50 MW of on- and off-grid renewable power by 2030; Grenada’s commitment to deploying 10 MW of solar, 15 MW of geothermal and 2 MW of wind (no date given); Kiribati’s sector-specific and geographic targets for South Tarawa (23% increase in renewable energy), Kiritimati Island (40% increase in renewable energy), rural public infrastructure (40% increase in renewable energy) and rural public and private institutions (100% increase in renewable energy) by 2025; and the Solomon Islands, which anticipates reaching an installed capacity of 3.77 MW of hydropower, 3.2 MW of solar and 20–40 MW of geothermal (no date given). 13 Governor of the State of Hawaii, “Governor Ige signs bill setting 100 percent renewable energy goal in power sector," press 05 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 247
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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