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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ENERGY ACCESS ALER, “OFID/ARE supports Titimane Project – ‘Clean Energy Mini-Grids’ Initiative in Mozambique,” 14 December 2015, http:// www.aler-renovaveis.org/en/communication/news/ofidaresupports-titimane-project--clean-energy-mini-grids-initiative-inmozambique/. 54 GACC, op. cit. note 37. 55 Acumen, “Unilever and Acumen announce investment to bring cleaner, more affordable cook stoves to smallholder farmers and plantation workers in East Africa,” press release (New York: 16 December 2015), http://acumen.org/blog/press-releases/ unilever-and-acumen-announce-investment-to-bring-cleanermore-affordable-cook-stoves-to-smallholder-farmers-andplantation-workers-in-east-africa/. 56 Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), “OPIC and Envirofit partner to expand clean cookstoves’ global use,” press release (Washington, DC: 21 January 2016), https://www.opic. gov/press-releases/2016/opic-and-envirofit-partner-expandclean-cookstoves%E2%80%99-global-use-0. 57 GACC, Clean Cookstoves and Fuels: A Catalog of Carbon Offset Projects and Advisory Service Providers, 2nd Edition (Washington, DC: 2016), http://cleancookstoves.org/binary-data/ RESOURCE/file/000/000/381-1.pdf. 58 Boris Lopicich, “Off-grid energy powered by the crowd,” International Institute for Environment and Development, 9 April 2015, http://www.iied.org/grid-energy-powered-crowd. 59 Lyndsey Gilpin, “How Gridmates is crowdsourcing electricity to help eliminate energy poverty,” TechRepublic, 24 July 2015, http:// www.techrepublic.com/article/how-gridmates-is-crowdsourcingelectricity-to-help-eliminate-energy-poverty/. 60 Tara Lohan, “How solar can help power Nepal’s relief and recovery efforts,” Huffington Post, 11 May 2015, http://www. huffingtonpost.com/tara-lohan/how-solar-can-help-powernepals-relief_b_7246842.html. 61 Becky Beetz, “COP21: African Renewable Energy Initiative launched, 300 GW 2030 target,” PV Magazine, 3 December 2015, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/cop21-- african-renewable-energy-initiative-launched--300-gw-2030-tar get_100022277/#ixzz3uO8OWab0. 62 “COP21: France to spend billions on African renewable energy projects,” The Guardian (UK), 1 December 2015, http://www. theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/01/cop21-france-tospend-billions-on-african-renewable-energy-projects. 63 Arthur Neslen, “India unveils global solar alliance of 120 countries at Paris Climate Summit,” The Guardian (UK), 30 November 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/nov/30/ india-set-to-unveil-global-solar-alliance-of-120-countries-atparis-climate-summit. 64 UNFCCC, “Renewable energy and energy efficiency can unlock climate solution,” press release (Bonn: 7 December 2015), http:// newsroom.unfccc.int/lpaa/renewable-energy/press-release-lpaaenergy-renewable-energy-and-energy-efficiency-can-unlockclimate-solution/. 65 ARE, Best Practises of the Alliance for Rural Electrification (Brussels: 2013), http://www.ruralelec.org/fileadmin/DATA/ Documents/06_Publications/ARE_Best_Practises_2013_FINAL. pdf; Peter Alstone, Dimitry Gershenson, and Daniel Kammen, “Decentralized energy systems for clean electricity access,” Nature Climate Change, vol. 5 (2015), pp. 305–14, http://www. nature.com/nclimate/journal/v5/n4/full/nclimate2512.html. 66 Andrew Burger, “Clean energy in the developing world: Powerhive hits on a compelling business model,” Renewable Energy World, 28 April 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld. com/articles/2015/04/clean-energy-in-the-developing-worldpowerhive-hits-on-a-compelling-business-model. 67 The “M” stands for “mobile,” and “kopa” means “to borrow”. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, “Green energy for the poor,” New York Times, 9 September 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/opinion/ green-energy-for-the-poor.html. 68 Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), Access to Energy via Digital Finance: Overview of Models and Prospects for Innovation (Washington, DC: 2014), http://www.cgap.org/sites/ default/files/DigitallyFinancedEnergy%20_FINAL.pdf. 69 IFC, Off-Grid Power and Connectivity; Pay-As-You-Go Financing and Digital Supply Chains for Pico-Solar (Washington, DC: 2014), https://www.lightingglobal.org/resources/ market-analysis-reports/, Figure 34 from idem. 70 Ibid. 71 Agnes Cho, “How to meet the solar needs of the rural poor — 3 lessons learned,” Sonnenseite, 6 April 2015, http://www. sonnenseite.com/en/energy/how-to-meet-the-solar-needs-ofthe-rural-poor-3-lessons-learned.html. 72 Terri Walters et al., Policies to Spur Energy Access (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, September 2015), http:// www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64460-ES.pdf. 73 Ibid. 74 “Uttar Pradesh waives off VAT on solar energy equipment,” The Hindu, 25 April 2015, http://www.thehindu.com/news/ national/other-states/uttar-pradesh-waives-off-vat-on-solarenergy-equipment/article7139590.ece. 75 Rwanda has removed VAT and custom duties on solar equipment. “Mobisol Rwanda to light 49000 homes with subsidized solar systems,” Africa on the Rise, 3 October 2015, http://www.africaontherise.com/mobisol-rwanda-to-light-49000-homes-withsubsidized-solar-systems/. 76 Jennifer Runyon, “Off Grid Electric raises $25M for distributed energy in Africa,” Renewable Energy World, 22 October 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/10/ off-grid-electric-raises-25m-to-help-power-a-solarrevolution-in-africa.html; Eric Wesoff, “’One million solar homes,’ Tanzanian style,” Greentech Media, 23 February 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ One-Million-Solar-Homes-Tanzanian-Style. 77 Azuri Technologies, “Minister for Power launches PayGo solar project in Central Ghana,” press release (Assin Foso, Ghana: 28 July 2015), http://www.azuri-technologies.com/news/minister-forpower-launches-paygo-solar-project-in-central-ghana. 78 REN21 Global Status Report Questionnaire, 2016. 79 Michael Harris, “Philippines NIA announces plan to bid up to 200 micro hydropower plants,” Hydro World, 4 January 2015, http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/04/philippines-niaannounces-plan-to-bid-up-to-200-micro-hydropower-plants. html. 80 ADB, Making Renewable Energy a Success in Bangladesh: Getting the Business Model Right (Manila: 2015), http://www. adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/177814/ban-makingrenewable-energy-success.pdf. 81 Marcus Wiemann and David Lecoque, SE4All High Impact Opportunity Clean Energy Mini-grids: Mapping of Clean Energy Mini-grid Support Providers and Programmes (Washington, DC: May 2015), http://www.se4all.org/sites/default/files/SE4All-HIO- CEMG-Annual-Report-2015.pdf; REN21 Global Status Report Questionnaire, 2016. 82 Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development Agency, Mini Grid Policy Uttar Pradesh, 2016, http://upneda.org.in/sites/ default/files/all/section/Mini%20Grid%20Policy%202016.pdf. 83 “6000 homes in hinterland to receive solar panels,” Guyana Times, 26 February 2015, http://www.guyanatimesgy. com/2015/02/26/6000-homes-in-hinterland-to-receive-solarpanels/. 84 Tanja Peschel, “Peru: Solar power for 500,000 households,” Sun & Wind Energy, 6 January 2015, http://www.sunwindenergy. com/photovoltaics/peru-solar-power-500000-households. 85 United Nations, “Goal Seven,” http://www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment/energy/, viewed 11 November 2015. 86 SE4All website, http://www.se4all.org/. 87 Energising Development website, http://endev.info/content/ Main_Page. 88 Ibid. 89 Mico Gaul, “Rwanda offers a strong policy and regulatory framework for mini-grid,” ARE Hybridisation and Minigrids Newsletter, October 2015, http://ruralelec.org/ hybridisation__mini-.0.html#c9526. 90 Mittal, op. cit. note 7. 91 Ibid. 92 White House, “Fact Sheet: Power Africa,” press release (Washington, DC: 25 July 2015), https://www.whitehouse.gov/ the-press-office/2015/07/25/fact-sheet-power-africa. 93 Ibid. 244
ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ENERGY ACCESS 94 GACC, op. cit. note 37. 95 Ibid. 96 Ibid. 97 Ibid. 98 Joshua S. Hill, “Energy Africa campaign to boost rural solar access,” CleanTechnica, 27 October 2015, http://cleantechnica.com/2015/10/27/ energy-africa-campaign-to-boost-rural-solar-access/. 99 Government of the United Kingdom, “The UK’S Energy Africa campaign will help Africa to achieve universal energy access by 2030,” 20 October 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ energy-africa-campaign. 100 Harald Schützeichel, “A new support for solar entrepreneurs: Sendea,” Sun-Connect News, 14 October 2015, http://www.sun-connect-news.org/business/ details/a-new-support-for-solar-entrepreneurs-sendea/. 101 Ernesto Macías Galán, ARE, personal communication with REN21, 19 January 2016; Alex Morales, “Renewable energy freeing island nations from fossil fuel prices,” Renewable Energy World, 11 December 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ articles/2015/12/renewable-energy-freeing-island-nations-fromfossil-fuel-prices.html. 03 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 245
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Country of Spain, the first commerc
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7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
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Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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Sharp - in the storage market by in
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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Page 247 and 248: ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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Page 257 and 258: ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
Page 259 and 260: ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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Page 263 and 264: NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
Page 265 and 266: GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
Page 267 and 268: GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
Page 269 and 270: GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
Page 271 and 272: PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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