2j7YOwO

ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ENERGY ACCESS
ALER, “OFID/ARE supports Titimane Project – ‘Clean Energy
Mini-Grids’ Initiative in Mozambique,” 14 December 2015, http://
www.aler-renovaveis.org/en/communication/news/ofidaresupports-titimane-project--clean-energy-mini-grids-initiative-inmozambique/.
54 GACC, op. cit. note 37.
55 Acumen, “Unilever and Acumen announce investment to bring
cleaner, more affordable cook stoves to smallholder farmers
and plantation workers in East Africa,” press release (New York:
16 December 2015), http://acumen.org/blog/press-releases/
unilever-and-acumen-announce-investment-to-bring-cleanermore-affordable-cook-stoves-to-smallholder-farmers-andplantation-workers-in-east-africa/.
56 Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), “OPIC and
Envirofit partner to expand clean cookstoves’ global use,” press
release (Washington, DC: 21 January 2016), https://www.opic.
gov/press-releases/2016/opic-and-envirofit-partner-expandclean-cookstoves%E2%80%99-global-use-0.
57 GACC, Clean Cookstoves and Fuels: A Catalog of Carbon
Offset Projects and Advisory Service Providers, 2nd Edition
(Washington, DC: 2016), http://cleancookstoves.org/binary-data/
RESOURCE/file/000/000/381-1.pdf.
58 Boris Lopicich, “Off-grid energy powered by the crowd,”
International Institute for Environment and Development, 9 April
2015, http://www.iied.org/grid-energy-powered-crowd.
59 Lyndsey Gilpin, “How Gridmates is crowdsourcing electricity to
help eliminate energy poverty,” TechRepublic, 24 July 2015, http://
www.techrepublic.com/article/how-gridmates-is-crowdsourcingelectricity-to-help-eliminate-energy-poverty/.
60 Tara Lohan, “How solar can help power Nepal’s relief and
recovery efforts,” Huffington Post, 11 May 2015, http://www.
huffingtonpost.com/tara-lohan/how-solar-can-help-powernepals-relief_b_7246842.html.
61 Becky Beetz, “COP21: African Renewable Energy Initiative
launched, 300 GW 2030 target,” PV Magazine, 3 December 2015,
http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/cop21--
african-renewable-energy-initiative-launched--300-gw-2030-tar
get_100022277/#ixzz3uO8OWab0.
62 “COP21: France to spend billions on African renewable energy
projects,” The Guardian (UK), 1 December 2015, http://www.
theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/01/cop21-france-tospend-billions-on-african-renewable-energy-projects.
63 Arthur Neslen, “India unveils global solar alliance of 120 countries
at Paris Climate Summit,” The Guardian (UK), 30 November
2015, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/nov/30/
india-set-to-unveil-global-solar-alliance-of-120-countries-atparis-climate-summit.
64 UNFCCC, “Renewable energy and energy efficiency can unlock
climate solution,” press release (Bonn: 7 December 2015), http://
newsroom.unfccc.int/lpaa/renewable-energy/press-release-lpaaenergy-renewable-energy-and-energy-efficiency-can-unlockclimate-solution/.
65 ARE, Best Practises of the Alliance for Rural Electrification
(Brussels: 2013), http://www.ruralelec.org/fileadmin/DATA/
Documents/06_Publications/ARE_Best_Practises_2013_FINAL.
pdf; Peter Alstone, Dimitry Gershenson, and Daniel Kammen,
“Decentralized energy systems for clean electricity access,”
Nature Climate Change, vol. 5 (2015), pp. 305–14, http://www.
nature.com/nclimate/journal/v5/n4/full/nclimate2512.html.
66 Andrew Burger, “Clean energy in the developing world:
Powerhive hits on a compelling business model,” Renewable
Energy World, 28 April 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.
com/articles/2015/04/clean-energy-in-the-developing-worldpowerhive-hits-on-a-compelling-business-model.
67 The “M” stands for “mobile,” and “kopa” means “to borrow”. Ngozi
Okonjo-Iweala, “Green energy for the poor,” New York Times, 9
September 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/opinion/
green-energy-for-the-poor.html.
68 Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), Access to Energy
via Digital Finance: Overview of Models and Prospects for
Innovation (Washington, DC: 2014), http://www.cgap.org/sites/
default/files/DigitallyFinancedEnergy%20_FINAL.pdf.
69 IFC, Off-Grid Power and Connectivity; Pay-As-You-Go Financing
and Digital Supply Chains for Pico-Solar (Washington, DC: 2014),
https://www.lightingglobal.org/resources/
market-analysis-reports/, Figure 34 from idem.
70 Ibid.
71 Agnes Cho, “How to meet the solar needs of the rural poor
— 3 lessons learned,” Sonnenseite, 6 April 2015, http://www.
sonnenseite.com/en/energy/how-to-meet-the-solar-needs-ofthe-rural-poor-3-lessons-learned.html.
72 Terri Walters et al., Policies to Spur Energy Access (Golden, CO:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, September 2015), http://
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64460-ES.pdf.
73 Ibid.
74 “Uttar Pradesh waives off VAT on solar energy equipment,”
The Hindu, 25 April 2015, http://www.thehindu.com/news/
national/other-states/uttar-pradesh-waives-off-vat-on-solarenergy-equipment/article7139590.ece.
75 Rwanda has removed VAT and custom duties on solar equipment.
“Mobisol Rwanda to light 49000 homes with subsidized solar
systems,” Africa on the Rise, 3 October 2015, http://www.africaontherise.com/mobisol-rwanda-to-light-49000-homes-withsubsidized-solar-systems/.
76 Jennifer Runyon, “Off Grid Electric raises $25M for distributed
energy in Africa,” Renewable Energy World, 22 October 2015,
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/10/
off-grid-electric-raises-25m-to-help-power-a-solarrevolution-in-africa.html;
Eric Wesoff, “’One million solar
homes,’ Tanzanian style,” Greentech Media, 23 February
2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/
One-Million-Solar-Homes-Tanzanian-Style.
77 Azuri Technologies, “Minister for Power launches PayGo solar
project in Central Ghana,” press release (Assin Foso, Ghana: 28
July 2015), http://www.azuri-technologies.com/news/minister-forpower-launches-paygo-solar-project-in-central-ghana.
78 REN21 Global Status Report Questionnaire, 2016.
79 Michael Harris, “Philippines NIA announces plan to bid up to
200 micro hydropower plants,” Hydro World, 4 January 2015,
http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/04/philippines-niaannounces-plan-to-bid-up-to-200-micro-hydropower-plants.
html.
80 ADB, Making Renewable Energy a Success in Bangladesh:
Getting the Business Model Right (Manila: 2015), http://www.
adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/177814/ban-makingrenewable-energy-success.pdf.
81 Marcus Wiemann and David Lecoque, SE4All High Impact
Opportunity Clean Energy Mini-grids: Mapping of Clean Energy
Mini-grid Support Providers and Programmes (Washington, DC:
May 2015), http://www.se4all.org/sites/default/files/SE4All-HIO-
CEMG-Annual-Report-2015.pdf; REN21 Global Status Report
Questionnaire, 2016.
82 Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development Agency,
Mini Grid Policy Uttar Pradesh, 2016, http://upneda.org.in/sites/
default/files/all/section/Mini%20Grid%20Policy%202016.pdf.
83 “6000 homes in hinterland to receive solar panels,”
Guyana Times, 26 February 2015, http://www.guyanatimesgy.
com/2015/02/26/6000-homes-in-hinterland-to-receive-solarpanels/.
84 Tanja Peschel, “Peru: Solar power for 500,000 households,”
Sun & Wind Energy, 6 January 2015, http://www.sunwindenergy.
com/photovoltaics/peru-solar-power-500000-households.
85 United Nations, “Goal Seven,” http://www.un.org/
sustainabledevelopment/energy/, viewed 11 November 2015.
86 SE4All website, http://www.se4all.org/.
87 Energising Development website, http://endev.info/content/
Main_Page.
88 Ibid.
89 Mico Gaul, “Rwanda offers a strong policy and regulatory
framework for mini-grid,” ARE Hybridisation and Minigrids
Newsletter, October 2015, http://ruralelec.org/
hybridisation__mini-.0.html#c9526.
90 Mittal, op. cit. note 7.
91 Ibid.
92 White House, “Fact Sheet: Power Africa,” press release
(Washington, DC: 25 July 2015), https://www.whitehouse.gov/
the-press-office/2015/07/25/fact-sheet-power-africa.
93 Ibid.
244