2j7YOwO

ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ENERGY ACCESS
DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY
FOR ENERGY ACCESS
1 Harald Winkler et al., “Access and affordability of electricity in
developing countries,” World Development, vol. 39, no. 6 (2011),
pp. 1037–50, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0305750X11000623; Ernesto Terrado, Anil Cabraal, and Ishani
Mukherjee, Designing Sustainable Off-Grid Rural Electrification
Projects: Principles and Practices (Washington, DC: World Bank,
November 2008), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/
en/2008/11/10148658/operational-guidance-world-bankgroup-staff-designing-sustainable-off-grid-rural-electrificationprojects-principles-practices.
2 Hisaya Oda and Yuko Tsujita, “The determinants of rural
electrification: the case of Bihar, India,” Energy Policy, vol. 39
(2011), pp. 3086–95, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S0301421511000905; Independent Evaluation Group,
The Welfare Impact of Rural Electrification: Assessment of the
Costs and Benefits (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008), http://
siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTRURELECT/Resources/full_
doc.pdf; Africa Renewable Energy Initiative (AREI), Framework
for Transforming Africa to a Renewable Energy Powered Future
with Access for All (October 2015), p. 11, http://www.arei.org/
wp-content/uploads/2016/04/AREI-Framework_ENG-1.pdf.
3 J. Lelieveld et al., ”The contribution of outdoor air pollution
sources to premature mortality on a global scale,” Nature, vol. 525
(September 2015), pp. 367–71, http://www.nature.com/nature/
journal/v525/n7569/full/nature15371.html; Robert E. Koppa and
Denise L. Mauzerall, “Assessing the climatic benefits of black
carbon mitigation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, vol. 107, no. 26 (29 June 2010), pp. 11704–08, http://
www.pnas.org/content/107/26/11703.abstract; Cesar Calderon
and Luis Servén, Infrastructure, Growth, and Inequality: An
Overview (Washington, DC: Word Bank Development Research
Group, 1 September 2014), https://openknowledge.worldbank.
org/handle/10986/20365.
4 United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs (UNDESA), Electricity and Education: The Benefits,
Barriers, and Actions for Achieving the Electrification of
Primary and Secondary Schools (New York: December,
2014), https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/
documents/1608Electricity%20and%20Education.pdf.
5 Data are the most recently available as of early 2015.
Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All), Global Tracking Framework:
Energy Access (Washington, DC: 2015), http://www-wds.
worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/
IB/2013/05/23/000442464_20130523110507/Rendered/
PDF/778890WP0v10EN0y0Box377317B00OUO090.pdf.
Figure 26 based on data from International Energy Agency
(IEA), World Energy Outlook 2015 Electricity database, http://
www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/
energyaccessdatabase/; Figure 27 based on data from IEA,
World Energy Outlook 2015 Biomass database, http://www.
worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/
energyaccessdatabase/.
6 Figure of 60% is equivalent to about 620 million Africans.
Lungelo Shezi, “Nearly 60% of Africans have no access to reliable
electricity,” htxt.africa, http://www.htxt.co.za/2015/05/08/
nearly-60-of-africans-have-no-access-to-reliable-electricity/.
7 Vivek Mittal, Implementing Renewable Energy Initiatives in
Africa (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: Millennium Resource Strategies
Limited, October 2015), http://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/
documents/2015/Annual_Meeting/x151018_ICA_Plenary_-_
Background_Paper__FINAL_.pdf.
8 AREI, op. cit. note 2.
9 Ibid.
10 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2015 Energy Access Database, http://
www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/
energyaccessdatabase/.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit, Tracking Progress Toward
Providing Sustainable Energy for All in Middle East
and North Africa (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2014),
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/
handle/10986/20251/908890BRI0Box300note0series02014031.
pdf?sequence=1.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC), Facilitating Technology Deployment in Distributed
Renewable Electricity Generation (Bonn: 2015), http://
unfccc.int/ttclear/misc_/StaticFiles/gnwoerk_static/TEC_
documents/6d62b12d1a87483da716d80e77d5349b/b4539aaf699
b459e9998606868dd49bd.pdf.
17 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Off-Grid
Renewable Energy Systems: Status and Methodological Issues
(Abu Dhabi: 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/
Publications/IRENA_Off-grid_Renewable_Systems_WP_2015.
pdf. Data are based on 2012 values.
18 Figure 28 based on the following sources: Bangladesh from
Militsa Mancheva, “Bangladesh sets 3.17-GW renewables goal
for 2021,” SeeNews Renewables, 11 November 2015, http://
renewables.seenews.com/news/bangladesh-sets-3-17-gwrenewables-goal-for-2021-501101,
from Multilateral Investment
Fund et al., “Bangladesh,” in Climatescope 2015 (London: 2015),
pp. 96¬–97, http://global-climatescope.org/en/download/
reports/countries/climatescope-2015-bd-en.pdf, and from
Lighting Global, “World’s largest solar home system program
adopts Lighting Global quality standards,” 24 June 2015, https://
www.lightingglobal.org/worlds-largest-solar-home-systemprogram-adopts-lighting-global-quality-standards/;
Nepal from
“Clean Energy Expo from Jan 1,” Kathmandu Post, 30 December
2015, http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-12-30/
clean-energy-expo-from-jan-1.html, and from Attilio Di Battista,
What’s Next for Nepal’s Economy? (Geneva: World Economic
Forum, 2015), http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/
whats-next-for-nepals-economy; Kenya from Andrew Scott
and Charlie Miller, Accelerating Access to Electricity in Africa
with Off-Grid Solar (London: Overseas Development Institute,
January 2016), http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/
odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10230.pdf, and from
Gatonye Gathura, “Study takes a dim view of solar products,”
The Standard, 25 May 2015, http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/
article/2000163407/study-takes-a-dim-view-of-solar-products;
Tanzania from Climate Investment Funds, Meeting of SREP Pilot
Countries October 30, 2012 – Istanbul, Turkey, https://www-cif.
climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/default/files/Tanzania%20
-%20Meeting%20of%20SREP%20Pilot%20Countries,%20
Progress%20Update%20-%20October%202012_0.pdf, and from
SolarAid, Impact Report: Autumn 2015 (London: 2015), http://
www.solar-aid.org/assets/Uploads/Impact-week-2015/SolarAid-
IMPACT-REPORT-2015.pdf; Mexico from Global Alliance for
Clean Cookstoves (GACC), Mexico Market Assessment Sector
Mapping (Washington, DC: 2012), http://cleancookstoves.
org/resources_files/mexico-market-sector-mapping.pdf, from
Asociacion Nacional De Energia Solar website, http://www.anes.
org/anes/index.php, viewed 15 February 2016, and from Blanca
Diaz Lopez, “ANES: Mexico to put online 600 MW of solar PV
in 2016,” PV Magazine, 18 December 2015, H; Peru from SE4All,
Rapid Assessment Gap Analysis: Peru (2015), http://www.se4all.
org/sites/default/files/Peru_RAGA_EN_Released.pdf, and from
Amaray, “Rural Electrification by Means of Renewable Energies
in Peru,” 2012, https://www.giz.de/de/downloads/giz2012-en-spamaray-energie-laendliche-gebiete-peru-november.pdf.
19 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), Global Off-Grid
Lighting Association (GOGLA), and Lighting Global, Off-Grid
Solar Market Trends Report 2016 (February 2016), http://www.
gogla.org/sites/www.gogla.org/files/recource_docs/off-gridsolar-market-trends-report-2016.pdf;
Becky Beetz, “Off-grid solar
market worth $300 million annually,” PV Magazine, 27 October
2015, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/offgrid-solar-market-worth-300-million-annually_100021728/#axzz
3rm5AQFqo.
20 Jennifer McIntosh and Moeketsi Thobela, International Solar
Energy Society and South African Photovoltaic Industry
Association, Technology Innovations: Solar – Off-grid, presented
at South African International Renewable Energy Conference,
Cape Town, 6 October 2015, http://www.sairec.org.za/
wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Issue-Papers_Technology-
Innovations_-Solar-Off-grid1.pdf.
21 Beetz, op. cit. note 19.
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