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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - WIND POWER 144 Smiti Mittal, “Gamesa launches new wind turbine for less windy regions,” CleanTechnica, 14 October 2015, https://cleantechnica. com/2015/10/14/gamesa-launches-new-wind-turbine-lesswindy-regions/; Kelvin Ross, “GE low wind turbines make debut in France,” Renewable Energy World, 10 August 2015, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/pei/2015/08/ge-lowwind-turbines-make-debut-in-france.html; Siemens, “High capacity factor for higher returns,” undated, http://www.energy. siemens.com/us/en/renewable-energy/wind-power/platforms/ g2-platform/wind-turbine-swt-2-3-120.htm?stc=uswp100050; GE, Senvion, Vestas and Nordex all from Campbell and Weston, op. cit. note 128. 145 Average turbine size delivered to market (considering vendors who sold turbines with rated capacities of at least 200 kW per unit) increased to 2,031 kW in 2015, from FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Technology Overview. In 2014, the average size delivered to market was 1,981 kW, from Feng Zhao et al., Global Wind Market Update—Demand & Supply 2014 (London: FTI Consulting LLP, March 2015), p. xiii. Average size delivered to market (based on measured rated capacity) was 1,926 kW in 2013, from Navigant Research, World Market Update 2013: International Wind Energy Development. Forecast 2014-2018 (Copenhagen: March 2014), Executive Summary. 146 FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Technology Overview. Europe’s average turbine size in 2015 was 2,683 kW, followed by Africa (2,415 kW), Latin America (2,078 kW), North America (2,056 kW) and Asia-Pacific (1,828 kW); by country, averages were 3,153 MW in Germany, followed by Denmark (2,872 MW), Sweden (2,852 MW), Canada (2,174 MW), UK (2,165 MW), France (2,158 MW), United States (2,037 MW), Brazil (1,980 MW), China (1,838 MW) and India (1,685 MW), and Germany became the first country to exceed an average turbine size of 3 MW (including offshore), all from idem. Germany’s onshore average in 2015 was 2,727 MW, from Deutsche WindGuard, op. cit. note 44, p. 3. In 2014, the averages were 2,863 kW in Germany, 2,062 kW in Brazil, 2,065 kW in Canada, 1,966 kW in the United States, 1,768 kW in China and 1,469 kW in India, from Zhao et al., op. cit. note 145, p. 102. 147 Brent Cheshire, “Offshore wind playing a lead role in UK green energy transformation,” Renewable Energy World, 13 October 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/10/ offshore-wind-playing-a-lead-role-in-the-u-k-s-green-energytransformation. Offshore wind farm size also is rising in Europe, with average size doubling between 2010 and 2015 (average 337.9 MW), with consents granted for 1.2 GW project in the UK in 2015, from EWEA, op. cit. note 66, p. 17. 148 EWEA, op. cit. note 66, pp. 3, 9, 16. 149 The year saw an increasing number of installations of 6–8 MW turbines for offshore, with new 8 MW turbines being rolled out and quite a few orders by the end of 2015, from Sawyer, op. cit. note 7. Orders were already on the books for the Siemens 7 MW offshore turbine, from “Siemens 7MW aces type test,” Renews Biz, 16 February 2016, http://renews.biz/101553/siemens-7mwaces-type-test. The Westernmost Rough offshore wind farm (UK) became the first to use Siemens 6 MW turbines, from “First offshore windfarm to use Siemens 6-MW turbine complete,” Renewable Energy World Magazine, May/June 2015, p. 7. Research with turbines in the 10–20 MW range, from EWEA, op. cit. note 66, p. 17. 150 Giorgio Corbetta, EWEA, personal communication with REN21, 20 March 2015; Steve Sawyer, Foreword in Shruti Shukla, Paul Reynolds, and Felicity Jones, Offshore Wind Policy and Market Assessment: A Global Outlook (New Delhi: GWEC, December 2014), p. 4, http://www.gwec.net/wp-content/ uploads/2015/02/FOWIND_offshore_wind_policy_and_market_ assessment_15-02-02_LowRes.pdf. 151 EWEA, op. cit. note 66, p. 18. 152 Ibid., p. 18. 153 Ibid., p. 7. 154 Corbetta, op. cit. note 150. See, for example: Darius Snieckus, “Gicon cleared for Baltic pilot of SOF floating wind turbine,” Recharge News, 10 April 2015, http://www.rechargenews.com/ wind/1396770/gicon-cleared-for-baltic-pilot-of-sof-floatingwind-turbine; Richard A. Kessler, “Danish developer Alpha Wind Energy (AWE) has submitted lease requests to the US Interior Department (DOI) for two proposed 51-Turbine, 408 MW floating wind projects in federal waters Off Oahu, Hawaii,” Recharge News, 20 March 2015, http://www.rechargenews. com/wind/1395004/danes-propose-816mw-of-wind-floatersoff-hawaii; Pelosi, op. cit. note 139. Several US companies are investing in development of less-expensive spar-buoy, tension leg and semi-submersible floating wind platforms, driven by the fact that most US offshore wind supply is in deep water, from idem. Reduce costs and challenges, from Hossain, op. cit. note 142, pp. 7–8. 155 Test turbines from Mariyana Yaneva, “France opens tender for floating wind farms,” SeeNews Renewables, 6 August 2015, http://renewables.seenews.com/news/france-opens-tenderfor-floating-wind-farms-487311; Peter Fairley, “Floating wind turbines headed for offshore farms,” IEEE Spectrum, 9 June 2014, http://spectrum.ieee.org/energywise/green-tech/wind/floatingwind-turbines-headed-for-offshore-farms; Shaun Campbell, “Japan plays the long game with floating technology,” Windpower Monthly, 31 January 2014, http://www.windpowermonthly.com/ article/1228423/japan-plays-long-game-floating-technology; Japan from Martin Foster, “World’s largest floating turbine installed at Fukushima,” Windpower Offshore, 30 July 2015, http:// www.windpoweroffshore.com/article/1358221/worlds-largestfloating-turbine-installed-fukushima, and from Arata Yamamoto, “Japan builds world’s largest floating wind turbine off Fukushima,” NBC News, 3 August 2015, http://www.nbcnews.com/news/ world/japan-builds-worlds-largest-floating-wind-turbinefukushima-n402871; France from Joshua S. Hill, “EU Commission approves Portuguese floating wind farm,” CleanTechnica, 27 April 2015, http://cleantechnica.com/2015/04/27/eu-commissionapproves-portuguese-floating-wind-farm/, from Natasha Geiling, “The world’s first floating wind farm,” Think Progress, 6 August 2015, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/08/06/3688669/ france-offshore-floating-wind-turbines/, and from Yaneva, op. cit. this note; Scotland (Statoil, Siemens) from Joshua S. Hill, “When offshore wind dominated renewable energy news in 2015,” CleanTechnica, 22 December 2015, http://cleantechnica. com/2015/12/22/offshore-wind-dominated-renewable-energynews-2015/, and from Siemens, “Siemens to supply offshore wind turbines to world’s largest floating wind farm,” press release (Hamburg: 4 December 2015), http://www.siemens.com/press/ en/pressrelease/?press=/en/pressrelease/2015/windpowerrenewables/pr2015120105wpen.htm&content%5b%5d=WP; Kelsey Warner, “Are floating wind turbines the future of clean energy?” Christian Science Monitor, 3 November 2015, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2015/1103/ Are-floating-wind-turbines-the-future-of-clean-energy. 156 Sawyer, op. cit. note 15. 157 Corbetta, op. cit. note 69, 30 March 2016. 158 Price differential from Steve Sawyer, GWEC, cited in Font, op. cit. note 62. 159 “Joint Declaration for a United Industry,” from Darius Snieckus, “Three wise men with the knowledge to cut costs,” EWEA Offshore, Copenhagen 2015, pp. 14–15, www.ewea.org/ offshore2015/wp-content/uploads/EWEA-Offshore-2015- Day1.pdf; Darius Snieckus, “In depth: European offshore wind—counting the cost,” Recharge News, 4 February 2015, http://www.rechargenews.com/incoming/1389620/ in-depth-european-offshore-wind-counting-the-cost. 160 Mariyana Yaneva, “Siemens sees 30% lower costs for offshore wind grid connections,” SeeNews Renewables, 19 October 2015, http://renewables.seenews.com/news/siemens-sees-30-lowercosts-for-offshore-wind-grid-connections-497942. 161 Ivan Shumkov, “Siemens to cut offshore wind transport costs by up to 20% via improved process,” SeeNews Renewables, 18 November 2015, http://renewables.seenews.com/news/siemensto-cut-offshore-wind-transport-costs-by-up-to-20-via-improvedprocess-502095. 162 EWEA, op. cit. note 66, pp. 3, 23. 163 WWEA, op. cit. note 80. In the UK there are about 15 small and medium (up to 225 kW) wind turbine manufacturers, from RenewableUK, op. cit. note 80, p. 19. 164 RenewableUK, op. cit. note 80, pp. 19, 20, 22; Orrell and Foster with Morris, op. cit. note 82, pp. i, 14. 165 See, for example, Michelle Froese, “Leasing options for small wind energy,” Windpower Engineering & Development, 3 March 2016, http://www.windpowerengineering.com/policy/financing/ leasing-options-small-wind-power/; Polaris, “Leasing,” http:// www.polarisamerica.com/wind-basics/financial/leasing/, viewed 31 March 2016; 25x’25, “Norwegian oil firm makes first investment 240
ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - WIND POWER in renewables: US small wind,” Weekly REsource, 11 March 2016; US DOE, EERE, 2013 Distributed Wind Market Report (Richland, WA: August 2014), p. v. 166 25x’25, op. cit. note 165; United Wind, “United Wind closes $8M in Series B funding,” press release (Brooklyn, NY: 7 March 2016), http://unitedwind.com/category/press-releases/. Note that BP, Shell and Repsol are other examples of global oil companies that have invested in wind energy, from FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Wind Farm Owner-Operators, p. 2. 167 Sidebar 3 and Table 2 data are from IRENA’s Renewable Cost Database of 15,000 utility-scale renewable power generation projects and three-quarters of a million small-scale solar PV systems. A real weighted average cost of capital of 7.5% is assumed for the OECD and China, and 10% for all other countries. For details of the other underlying assumptions and the projectlevel data for installed costs, capacity factors and levelised cost of electricity, see IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2014 (Abu Dhabi: 2015), www.irena.org/costs. 02 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 241
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Country of Spain, the first commerc
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7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
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Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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Sharp - in the storage market by in
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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Page 247 and 248: ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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Page 257 and 258: ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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Page 263 and 264: NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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Page 267 and 268: GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
Page 269 and 270: GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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