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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - WIND POWER
144 Smiti Mittal, “Gamesa launches new wind turbine for less windy
regions,” CleanTechnica, 14 October 2015, https://cleantechnica.
com/2015/10/14/gamesa-launches-new-wind-turbine-lesswindy-regions/;
Kelvin Ross, “GE low wind turbines make debut
in France,” Renewable Energy World, 10 August 2015, http://
www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/pei/2015/08/ge-lowwind-turbines-make-debut-in-france.html;
Siemens, “High
capacity factor for higher returns,” undated, http://www.energy.
siemens.com/us/en/renewable-energy/wind-power/platforms/
g2-platform/wind-turbine-swt-2-3-120.htm?stc=uswp100050;
GE, Senvion, Vestas and Nordex all from Campbell and Weston,
op. cit. note 128.
145 Average turbine size delivered to market (considering vendors
who sold turbines with rated capacities of at least 200 kW per
unit) increased to 2,031 kW in 2015, from FTI Consulting, op. cit.
note 1, Technology Overview. In 2014, the average size delivered
to market was 1,981 kW, from Feng Zhao et al., Global Wind
Market Update—Demand & Supply 2014 (London: FTI Consulting
LLP, March 2015), p. xiii. Average size delivered to market (based
on measured rated capacity) was 1,926 kW in 2013, from Navigant
Research, World Market Update 2013: International Wind Energy
Development. Forecast 2014-2018 (Copenhagen: March 2014),
Executive Summary.
146 FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Technology Overview. Europe’s
average turbine size in 2015 was 2,683 kW, followed by Africa
(2,415 kW), Latin America (2,078 kW), North America (2,056 kW)
and Asia-Pacific (1,828 kW); by country, averages were 3,153 MW
in Germany, followed by Denmark (2,872 MW), Sweden (2,852
MW), Canada (2,174 MW), UK (2,165 MW), France (2,158 MW),
United States (2,037 MW), Brazil (1,980 MW), China (1,838 MW)
and India (1,685 MW), and Germany became the first country to
exceed an average turbine size of 3 MW (including offshore), all
from idem. Germany’s onshore average in 2015 was 2,727 MW,
from Deutsche WindGuard, op. cit. note 44, p. 3. In 2014, the
averages were 2,863 kW in Germany, 2,062 kW in Brazil, 2,065
kW in Canada, 1,966 kW in the United States, 1,768 kW in China
and 1,469 kW in India, from Zhao et al., op. cit. note 145, p. 102.
147 Brent Cheshire, “Offshore wind playing a lead role in UK green
energy transformation,” Renewable Energy World, 13 October
2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/10/
offshore-wind-playing-a-lead-role-in-the-u-k-s-green-energytransformation.
Offshore wind farm size also is rising in Europe,
with average size doubling between 2010 and 2015 (average 337.9
MW), with consents granted for 1.2 GW project in the UK in 2015,
from EWEA, op. cit. note 66, p. 17.
148 EWEA, op. cit. note 66, pp. 3, 9, 16.
149 The year saw an increasing number of installations of 6–8 MW
turbines for offshore, with new 8 MW turbines being rolled out
and quite a few orders by the end of 2015, from Sawyer, op. cit.
note 7. Orders were already on the books for the Siemens 7 MW
offshore turbine, from “Siemens 7MW aces type test,” Renews
Biz, 16 February 2016, http://renews.biz/101553/siemens-7mwaces-type-test.
The Westernmost Rough offshore wind farm
(UK) became the first to use Siemens 6 MW turbines, from “First
offshore windfarm to use Siemens 6-MW turbine complete,”
Renewable Energy World Magazine, May/June 2015, p. 7. Research
with turbines in the 10–20 MW range, from EWEA, op. cit. note
66, p. 17.
150 Giorgio Corbetta, EWEA, personal communication with REN21,
20 March 2015; Steve Sawyer, Foreword in Shruti Shukla,
Paul Reynolds, and Felicity Jones, Offshore Wind Policy and
Market Assessment: A Global Outlook (New Delhi: GWEC,
December 2014), p. 4, http://www.gwec.net/wp-content/
uploads/2015/02/FOWIND_offshore_wind_policy_and_market_
assessment_15-02-02_LowRes.pdf.
151 EWEA, op. cit. note 66, p. 18.
152 Ibid., p. 18.
153 Ibid., p. 7.
154 Corbetta, op. cit. note 150. See, for example: Darius Snieckus,
“Gicon cleared for Baltic pilot of SOF floating wind turbine,”
Recharge News, 10 April 2015, http://www.rechargenews.com/
wind/1396770/gicon-cleared-for-baltic-pilot-of-sof-floatingwind-turbine;
Richard A. Kessler, “Danish developer Alpha
Wind Energy (AWE) has submitted lease requests to the US
Interior Department (DOI) for two proposed 51-Turbine, 408
MW floating wind projects in federal waters Off Oahu, Hawaii,”
Recharge News, 20 March 2015, http://www.rechargenews.
com/wind/1395004/danes-propose-816mw-of-wind-floatersoff-hawaii;
Pelosi, op. cit. note 139. Several US companies are
investing in development of less-expensive spar-buoy, tension leg
and semi-submersible floating wind platforms, driven by the fact
that most US offshore wind supply is in deep water, from idem.
Reduce costs and challenges, from Hossain, op. cit. note 142, pp.
7–8.
155 Test turbines from Mariyana Yaneva, “France opens tender for
floating wind farms,” SeeNews Renewables, 6 August 2015,
http://renewables.seenews.com/news/france-opens-tenderfor-floating-wind-farms-487311;
Peter Fairley, “Floating wind
turbines headed for offshore farms,” IEEE Spectrum, 9 June 2014,
http://spectrum.ieee.org/energywise/green-tech/wind/floatingwind-turbines-headed-for-offshore-farms;
Shaun Campbell,
“Japan plays the long game with floating technology,” Windpower
Monthly, 31 January 2014, http://www.windpowermonthly.com/
article/1228423/japan-plays-long-game-floating-technology;
Japan from Martin Foster, “World’s largest floating turbine
installed at Fukushima,” Windpower Offshore, 30 July 2015, http://
www.windpoweroffshore.com/article/1358221/worlds-largestfloating-turbine-installed-fukushima,
and from Arata Yamamoto,
“Japan builds world’s largest floating wind turbine off Fukushima,”
NBC News, 3 August 2015, http://www.nbcnews.com/news/
world/japan-builds-worlds-largest-floating-wind-turbinefukushima-n402871;
France from Joshua S. Hill, “EU Commission
approves Portuguese floating wind farm,” CleanTechnica, 27 April
2015, http://cleantechnica.com/2015/04/27/eu-commissionapproves-portuguese-floating-wind-farm/,
from Natasha Geiling,
“The world’s first floating wind farm,” Think Progress, 6 August
2015, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/08/06/3688669/
france-offshore-floating-wind-turbines/, and from Yaneva, op.
cit. this note; Scotland (Statoil, Siemens) from Joshua S. Hill,
“When offshore wind dominated renewable energy news in
2015,” CleanTechnica, 22 December 2015, http://cleantechnica.
com/2015/12/22/offshore-wind-dominated-renewable-energynews-2015/,
and from Siemens, “Siemens to supply offshore
wind turbines to world’s largest floating wind farm,” press release
(Hamburg: 4 December 2015), http://www.siemens.com/press/
en/pressrelease/?press=/en/pressrelease/2015/windpowerrenewables/pr2015120105wpen.htm&content%5b%5d=WP;
Kelsey Warner, “Are floating wind turbines the future of
clean energy?” Christian Science Monitor, 3 November
2015, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2015/1103/
Are-floating-wind-turbines-the-future-of-clean-energy.
156 Sawyer, op. cit. note 15.
157 Corbetta, op. cit. note 69, 30 March 2016.
158 Price differential from Steve Sawyer, GWEC, cited in Font, op. cit.
note 62.
159 “Joint Declaration for a United Industry,” from Darius Snieckus,
“Three wise men with the knowledge to cut costs,” EWEA
Offshore, Copenhagen 2015, pp. 14–15, www.ewea.org/
offshore2015/wp-content/uploads/EWEA-Offshore-2015-
Day1.pdf; Darius Snieckus, “In depth: European offshore
wind—counting the cost,” Recharge News, 4 February
2015, http://www.rechargenews.com/incoming/1389620/
in-depth-european-offshore-wind-counting-the-cost.
160 Mariyana Yaneva, “Siemens sees 30% lower costs for offshore
wind grid connections,” SeeNews Renewables, 19 October 2015,
http://renewables.seenews.com/news/siemens-sees-30-lowercosts-for-offshore-wind-grid-connections-497942.
161 Ivan Shumkov, “Siemens to cut offshore wind transport costs
by up to 20% via improved process,” SeeNews Renewables, 18
November 2015, http://renewables.seenews.com/news/siemensto-cut-offshore-wind-transport-costs-by-up-to-20-via-improvedprocess-502095.
162 EWEA, op. cit. note 66, pp. 3, 23.
163 WWEA, op. cit. note 80. In the UK there are about 15 small
and medium (up to 225 kW) wind turbine manufacturers, from
RenewableUK, op. cit. note 80, p. 19.
164 RenewableUK, op. cit. note 80, pp. 19, 20, 22; Orrell and Foster
with Morris, op. cit. note 82, pp. i, 14.
165 See, for example, Michelle Froese, “Leasing options for small
wind energy,” Windpower Engineering & Development, 3 March
2016, http://www.windpowerengineering.com/policy/financing/
leasing-options-small-wind-power/; Polaris, “Leasing,” http://
www.polarisamerica.com/wind-basics/financial/leasing/, viewed
31 March 2016; 25x’25, “Norwegian oil firm makes first investment
240