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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Solar Lighting Systems DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ENERGY ACCESS Solar Home Systems Positive (SHS) market trends, innovative business models, increased investment Approximately 1.2 billion people (constituting 17% of the global population) live without electricity, with the vast majority in the Asia-Pacific region and sub-Saharan Africa. Distributed renewable energy (DRE) systems continue to play an increasing role Biogas in providing energy services to these populations. Installations Advances in technology, increased awareness of deforestation and enhanced government support enabled the expansion of DRE in the cooking and heating sector in 2015. By year’s end, approximately 28 million households worldwide were using clean cook stoves. DRE solar PV markets also continued to flourish. Roughly 44 Clean million Cook off-grid pico-solar products had been sold globally by mid-2015, Stoves representing an annual market of USD 300 million. About 70 countries worldwide either had some off-grid solar PV capacity installed or had programmes in place to support offgrid solar PV applications by the end of 2015. In addition, several thousand renewables-based mini-grids were in operation, with primary markets in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Micro-Hydro Morocco and Mali. Systems The year saw positive market trends and increased investment. Innovative business models also continued to mature, with expanding use of mobile payment systems and scratch cards, the “Powerhive” business model, pay-as-you-go micro-payment schemes and integrated service providers with products that range from simple solar lamps with radios and mobile phones, to aspirational items like televisions. DRE deployment in 2015 was supported by a variety of policy types, such as auctions, dedicated electrification targets and initiatives related to clean renewable cooking. Fiscal and other incentives that focus on specific renewable energy technologies, such as exemptions on value-added tax (VAT) and import duties, also were in use to support DRE deployment. Dozens of international actors, including at least 30 programmes and approximately 20 global networks, also were involved in deploying DRE in 2015. Many international programmes focus specifically on improving energy access with renewables, in Africa and elsewhere. 24
INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high; developing and emerging countries lead Global new investment in renewable power and fuels climbed to a record USD 285.9 billion in 2015 (not including hydropower projects >50 MW i ). This represents a rise of 5% compared to 2014 and exceeds the previous record (USD 278.5 billion) achieved in 2011. Including investments in hydropower projects larger than 50 MW, total new investment during 2015 in renewable power and fuels (not including renewable heating and cooling) was at least USD 328.9 billion. In 2015, global investment in new renewable power capacity, at USD 265.8 billion ii , was more than double the USD 130 billion allocated to new coal- and natural gas-fired power generation capacity. This difference in favour of renewables is the largest witnessed to date. If hydropower projects larger than 50 MW are considered, the spread between renewables and fossil fuel investment in new power capacity is even greater. For the first time in history, total investment in renewable power and fuels in developing countries in 2015 exceeded that in developed economies. The developing world, including China, India and Brazil, committed a total of USD 156 billion (up 19% compared to 2014). China played a dominant role, increasing its investment by 17% to USD 102.9 billion, accounting for 36% of the global total. Renewable energy investment also increased significantly in India, South Africa, Mexico and Chile. Other developing countries investing more than USD 500 million in renewables in 2015 included Morocco, Uruguay, the Philippines, Pakistan and Honduras. By contrast, renewable energy investment in developed countries as a group declined by 8% in 2015, to USD 130 billion. The most significant decrease was seen in Europe (down 21% to USD 48.8 billion), despite the region’s record year of financing for offshore wind power (USD 17 billion, up 11% from 2014). In the United States, renewable energy investment (dominated largely by solar power) increased by 19% to USD 44.1 billion, the country’s largest increase in dollar terms since 2011. Investment in renewable energy has been weighted increasingly towards wind and solar power. Solar power was again the leading sector by far in terms of money committed during 2015, accounting for USD 161 billion (up 12% over 2014), or more than 56% of total new investment in renewable power and fuels. Wind power followed with USD 109.6 billion, or 38.3% of the total (up 4%). All technologies except solar and wind power saw investment decline relative to 2014: investment in biomass and waste-to-energy fell by 42% to USD 6 billion, small-scale hydropower fell by 29% to USD 3.9 billion, biofuels fell by 35% to USD 3.1 billion, geothermal energy fell by 23% to USD 2 billion, and ocean energy fell by 42% to USD 215 million. ENERGY EFFICIENCY Increased awareness, investment, policies and targets Emphasis on activities to improve energy efficiency in all sectors increased during 2015 at all levels of government, as well as in the private sector. There is growing recognition worldwide that energy efficiency can play a key role in reducing energy-related emissions and that it can provide multiple economy-wide benefits – such as enhanced energy security, reduced fuel poverty and improved public health. By the end of 2015, at least 146 countries had enacted some kind of energy efficiency policy, and at least 128 countries had one or more energy efficiency targets (not considering INDCs). Some policies attempt to harness the synergy between energy efficiency and renewable energy, as efficiency measures have the potential to enable a more rapid increase in renewable energy's share of global energy consumption. Driven by structural changes and energy efficiency improvements among other factors, global primary energy intensity declined between 1990 and 2014 at an average annual rate of 1.5%, falling by more than 30% overall during this period. However, the global economy has expanded even more, and energy demand has risen steadily. In the transport and industrial sectors, global energy intensity has declined over the past few decades. In the buildings sector, the relatively small but growing market for more-efficient building envelopes and materials is resulting in improved building energy performance, particularly in developed countries. Total energy demand for a number of appliance and equipment categories (e.g., computers, fans, motors) continues to rise, despite improvements in efficiency, due largely to a rapid increase in the use of electricity-consuming products. Energy efficiency improvements reflect, in part, increasing investments. In 2013, global investment in energy efficiency totalled an estimated USD 130 billion, including the enduser categories of buildings, transport and industry as well as associated costs such as labour and taxes (but not fuel switching). In September 2015, 70 financial institutions from more than 20 countries – including national, regional and global banks – committed to increasing financing for energy efficiency investments. Advancements also reflect increased use of support policies and programmes. A growing number of countries is setting energy efficiency targets and defining roadmaps; adopting new policies and updating existing legislation to advance energy efficiency; and expanding the coverage of standards and labelling programmes, with developing and emerging countries playing an increasing role in these trends. Several developed countries also have introduced new financial incentives to channel additional funding towards energy efficiency measures. i Investment data do not include hydropower projects >50 MW, except where specified. ii This number is for renewable power asset finance and small-scale projects. It differs from the overall total for renewable energy investment (USD 285.9 billion) provided elsewhere in the report because it excludes biofuels and some types of non-capacity investment, such as equity-raising on public markets and development R&D. In addition, it does not include investment in hydropower projects >50 MW. RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 25
Page 1 and 2: RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
Page 3 and 4: GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
Page 5 and 6: Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
Page 9 and 10: RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
Page 11 and 12: Note: Some individuals have contrib
Page 13 and 14: Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
Page 15 and 16: REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
Page 19 and 20: RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
Page 21 and 22: TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
Page 23: SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
Page 27 and 28: 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
Page 29 and 30: markets, policy changes and uncerta
Page 31 and 32: Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
Page 33 and 34: Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
Page 35 and 36: also are growing, as are wind turbi
Page 37 and 38: n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
Page 39 and 40: n Africa: Although biofuel producti
Page 41 and 42: JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
Page 43 and 44: 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
Page 45 and 46: BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
Page 47 and 48: China, the third largest ethanol pr
Page 49 and 50: concluded long-term offtake agreeme
Page 51 and 52: GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
Page 53 and 54: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
Page 55 and 56: HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
Page 59 and 60: Country of Spain, the first commerc
Page 61 and 62: 7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 69 and 70: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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