2j7YOwO

ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - WIND POWER
107 “Morocco records new low wind energy tender bids,” ESI-Africa,
20 January 2016, http://www.esi-africa.com/news/moroccorecords-new-low-wind-energy-tendering-costs/;
tenders in Egypt
and Peru also resulted in extremely low bid prices, from GWEC,
op. cit. note 1, p. 5.
108 BNEF, op. cit. note 104.
109 Access to transmission infrastructure is an important catalyst
for future wind energy growth in the United States, from
AWEA, “Industry grows as policy uncertainty threatens
future gains,” press release (Washington, DC: 20 October
2015), http://www.awea.org/MediaCenter/pressrelease.
aspx?ItemNumber=8042; lack of transmission is the biggest
long-term barrier for wind energy development in the United
States, from Rob Gramlich, AWEA, cited in David A. Lieb,
“Renewable energy efforts stymied by transmission roadblocks,”
Associated Press, 22 December 2015, http://bigstory.ap.org/
article/0462fcffedd749c2a7e0e729be79d681/renewableenergy-efforts-stymied-transmission-roadblocks;
in Brazil, lack
of sufficient transmission lines in areas with the greatest wind
power potential is a key barrier to development, and Mexico faces
transmission-related challenges, from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, pp.
31, 59; in China, lack of transmission and distribution capacity,
lack of flexibility in the grid system, and lack of a market where
electricity can be traded are some of the key barriers to wind
deployment, from “Wind power has taken China by storm,” Sun
& Wind Energy, 13 November 2015, http://www.sunwindenergy.
com/wind-energy/wind-power-taken-china-storm; lack of public
acceptance from Birol, op. cit. note 4, p. 7; displace coal in China
from Barbara A. Finamore, “Big plans for integrating renewable
energy into China’s electricity grid,” Huffington Post, 9 March
2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/barbara-a-finamore/bigplans-for-integrating_b_9421864.html.
110 Steve Sawyer, GWEC, personal communication with REN21, 6
April 2016.
111 Kathy Chen and Dominique Patton, “China steps up efforts to
tackle curtailment of renewable energy,” Reuters, 21 October
2015, http://planetark.org/wen/73791; transmission and pumped
storage from Shi, op. cit. note 15.
112 For example, only 0.5% of wind generation within ERCOT’s region
was curtailed in 2014, down from a peak of 17% in 2009, from
Ryan Wiser et al., op. cit. note 106, p. vii; curtailment dropped
to near zero even as wind generation almost doubled due to
completion of new transmission lines in Texas, from Clayton
Handleman, “Upgrades to Texas transmission lines slashes
wind curtailment,” CleanTechnica, 20 August 2015, http://
cleantechnica.com/2015/08/20/upgrades-to-texas-transmissionlines-slashes-wind-curtailment/;
upgraded transmission
infrastructure has helped to relieve congestion in some regions,
from AWEA, op. cit. note 96; however, curtailment remains a
problem in other US regions, where investment in transmission
has not kept pace with wind power deployment, from BNEF and
BCSE, op. cit. note 29.
113 See, for example, BMWi, “Offshore-Netzausbau auf Kurs:
Mehr Ausbau, geringe Haftungsumlage,” press release (Berlin:
19 October 2015), http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/
Redaktion/DE/Pressemitteilungen/2015/2015-10-19-offshorenetzausbau-auf-kurs-mehr-ausbau-geringe-haftungsumlage.
html; Japan started four transmission line projects to boost
wind power capacity in Hokkaido and Tohoku, from Sawyer,
op. cit. note 104; Ilias Tsagas, “Chile’s new 600km long
transmission line can boost renewables,” PV Magazine, 11
December 2015, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/
beitrag/chiles-new-600km-long-transmission-line-can-boostrenewables_100022420/;
Jim Polson, “New York backs new
transmission line to ease power prices, access renewable
energy,” Renewable Energy World, 18 December 2015, http://
www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/12/newyork-backs-new-transmission-lines-to-ease-power-pricesaccess-renewabl-energy;
Monica Heger, “Scotland and Ireland
consider a linked renewable energy future,” IEEE Spectrum,
25 September 2015, http://spectrum.ieee.org/energywise/
energy/renewables/scotland-and-ireland-consider-a-linkedrenewable-energy-future;
“ABB wins $300m order to improve
grid reliability in China,” Power Technology, 16 October 2015,
http://www.power-technology.com/news/newsabb-wins-300morder-to-improve-grid-reliability-in-china-4695721;
“Alstom
to build HVDC VSC converter stations for France-Italy link,”
T&D World Magazine, 10 September 2015, http://tdworld.com/
substations/alstom-build-hvdc-vsc-converter-stations-franceitaly-link;
Smiti Mittal, “India expands work on renewable
energy transmission network,” CleanTechnica, 19 August 2015,
http://cleantechnica.com/2015/08/19/india-expands-workrenewable-energy-transmission-network/;
“ABB plays it smart
in Sweden,” Renews Biz, 8 May 2015, http://renews.biz/88230/
abb-plays-it-smart-in-sweden/; Ilias Tsagas, “Jordan to upgrade
its network; accommodate more renewables,” PV Magazine,
30 October 2015, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/
beitrag/jordan-to-upgrade-its-network-accommodate-morerenewables_100021799/.
114 IEA, op. cit. note 70, p. 346.
115 Goldwind overtook Vestas from FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1,
cited in FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 101; Goldwind overtook GE,
per BNEF, cited in Daniel Cusick, “Chinese wind turbine maker
is now world’s largest,” Scientific American, 23 February 2016,
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chinese-wind-turbinemaker-is-now-world-s-largest/.
Note that Vestas ranked number
one, ahead of Goldwind, in 2015, per MAKE Consulting, cited in
“Vestas tops turbine table,” Renews Biz, 31 March 2016, http://
renews.biz/102120/vestas-tops-turbine-table.
116 FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, cited in FTI Consulting, op. cit. note
101; increasingly active in new markets from Gsänger, op. cit. note 7.
117 Based on FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Supply-Side Analysis.
118 FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Supply-Side Analysis. A slightly
different ranking shows Goldwind passing GE (first place in 2014),
followed by Vestas, GE, Siemens, Gamesa and Enercon, with
Chinese companies Guodian, Ming Yang, Envision and CSIC also
among the top 10, from BNEF, cited in Cusick, op. cit. note 115, and
in “Xinjiang Goldwind ranks No. 1 in commissioned wind turbines
in 2015, BNEF says,” Renewable Energy World, 22 February
2016, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/02/
chinese-firm-ranks-no-1-in-commissioned-wind-turbines-bnefsays.html.
See also EWEA, op. cit. note 66, p. 5, http://www.
ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA-
European-Offshore-Statistics-2015.pdf.
119 Rankings of Chinese companies based on CWEA, provided by
Shi, op. cit. note 15; FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Supply-Side
Analysis. Figure 25 based on data from idem.
120 FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Supply-Side Analysis, p. 3.
121 Based on data from FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Supply-Side
Analysis, p. 4. Note that the top 15 accounted for over 82% of the
total market (based on volumes of MW installed by vendors who
sell turbines with rated capacities of at least 200 kW per unit).
Also, there were 51 such wind turbine manufacturers producing
turbines in 2015. All from idem, pp. iv, 2.
122 FTI Consulting, Global Wind Supply Chain Update 2015 (London:
January 2015), Executive Summary.
123 LeAnne Graves, “Egypt revives wind turbine plans,” The National,
24 January 2016, http://www.thenational.ae/business/energy/
egypt-revives-wind-turbine-plans.
124 Vestas planned to start production in May 2015 of blades
for a wind farm in Liverpool Bay, from “Isle of Wight
wind turbine firm Vestas creates 200 jobs,” BBC News, 5
February 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-englandhampshire-31145066;
Georgina Prodhan, “UPDATE 1-Siemens
picks German port for new wind power plant,” Reuters, 5
August 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/05/
siemens-windpower-plant-idUSL5N10G1R120150805.
125 Steve Sawyer, GWEC, personal communication with REN21, 3
September 2014.
126 For example, Gamesa (Spain) opened an expanded nacelle
factory in Brazil to focus on the local market. Since 2011, Gamesa
has built a competitive supply chain of over 1,000 suppliers
in Brazil, from Joshua S. Hill, “Gamesa inaugurates 640 MW
Brazil nacelle factory,” CleanTechnica, 10 June 2015, http://
cleantechnica.com/2015/06/10/gamesa-inaugurates-640-
mw-brazil-nacelle-factory/. GE announced plans to expand
its presence in Brazil by opening new turbine service centres,
from “GE expands Brazilian footprint,” 27 March 2015, http://
renews.biz/86283/ge-beefs-up-brazilian-om/. GE also closed
a tower factory in Brazil that it obtained through its acquisition
of Alstom (France), from Vanessa Dezem, “GE to shutter wind
turbine tower manufacturing plant in Brazil,” 22 February 2016,
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/02/
ge-to-shutter-wind-turbine-tower-manufacturing-plant-in-brazil;
238