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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - WIND POWER triplepundit.com/2015/11/google-invest-africas-largest-windfarm/; “Google nets Kenyan lake stake,” Renews Biz, 20 October 2015, http://renews.biz/100129/google-nets-kenyan-lake-stake; Anna Hirtenstein, “Google to buy into Africa’s largest wind farm in Northern Kenya,” Renewable Energy World, 20 October 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/10/ google-to-buy-into-africa-s-largest-wind-farm-in-northern-kenya. 76 See, for example: Michael Copley, “Invenergy using Texas wind farm to supply Google,” SNL, 27 January 2016, https://www. snl.com/Interactivex/article.aspx?CdId=A-35179033-12081; “OX2 furnishes IKEA in Finland,” Renews Biz, 21 January 2016, http://renews.biz/101242/ox2-furnishes-ikea-in-finland/; Paul Pajarillo, “Mexico to power up VWs with wind energy,” itechpost, 31 December 2015, http://www.itechpost.com/ articles/17092/20151231/mexico-to-power-up-vws-with-windenergy.htm; Eckhouse, op. cit. note 32; Labrador, op. cit. note 32. Corporate purchasing, reliability and economic sense from John Abraham, “The strong economics of wind energy,” The Guardian (UK), 28 December 2015, http://www.theguardian. com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2015/dec/28/ the-strong-economics-of-wind-energy; growing involvement of corporations and driver of cutting corporate energy bills also from FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Wind Farm Owner-Operators, p. 3. 77 Corbetta, op. cit. note 69, 30 March 2016. 78 Australia from, for example: Fund Community Energy, “What is community energy,” http://www.fundcommunityenergy.org/ about, viewed 24 March 2016; Samantha Turnbull, “Australia’s first community-owned renewable energy retailer Enova to open its doors in Byron Bay,” ABC News Australia, 4 January 2016, http:// www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-05/australia-first-communityowned-energy-retailer-enova/7068420. Europe from, for example: Energy4All Limited, “Delivering community-owned green power,” http://www.energy4all.co.uk/, viewed 24 March 2016; Community Windpower website, http://www.communitywindpower.co.uk/, viewed 24 March 2016; Craig Morris, “New community wind farm in UK is largest ever,” Renewables International, 18 May 2015, http://www.renewablesinternational.net/new-communitywind-farm-in-uk-is-largest-ever/150/435/87583/; Jacqueline Echevarria, “Vestas wins German community wind order,” Energy Live News, 27 August 2015, http://www.energylivenews. com/2015/08/27/vestas-wins-german-community-wind-order/; Craig Morris, “26 MW wind farm with 90 percent local ownership in Germany,” Renewables International, 31 August 2015, http://www. renewablesinternational.net/26-mw-wind-farm-with-90-percentlocal-ownership-in-germany/150/435/89794/; Craig Morris, “How big can a community wind farm be?” Renewables International, 5 November 2015, http://www.renewablesinternational.net/howbig-can-a-community-wind-farm-be/150/435/87457/. Japan from Tetsu Iida, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies, Tokyo, personal communication with REN21, 14 January 2014. New Zealand from, for example, Gareth Hughes, “Blueskin Bay: Community Wind,” Greens New Zealand, 26 November 2015, https://blog.greens.org. nz/2015/11/26/blueskin-bay-community-wind/. North America from: Windustry, “Community Wind,” http://www.windustry. org/community-wind, viewed 24 March 2016; Diane Bailey, “Analysis: Nova Scotia pulls plug on community tariff,” Windpower Monthly, 26 August 2015, http://www.windpowermonthly.com/ article/1361473/analysis-nova-scotia-pulls-plug-community-tariff; Boralex Inc., “Commissioning of the Côte-de-Beaupré community wind farm project,” press release (Montreal: 19 November 2015), http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/commissioning-ofthe-cote-de-beaupre-community-wind-farm-project-551853441. html; Doug McDonough, “Next Era Energy to develop Hale community wind project,” My Plain View, 15 September 2015, http://www.myplainview.com/news/article_d77de5f2-5941-11e5- 9086-f76dcb452913.html; Scott Waldman, “Community wind farm takes root near Ithaca,” Capital New York, 18 February 2015, http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/albany/2015/02/8562419/ community-wind-farm-takes-root-near-ithaca; and Canada, specifically, from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 12. South Africa from “Tsitsikamma community wind farm project, South Africa,” Engineering News, 5 July 2013, http://engineeringnews.co.za/ article/tsitsikamma-community-wind-farm-project-southafrica-2013-07-05. See also “Community Wind Energy,” http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_wind_energy, viewed 24 March 2016. Canada, countries in Europe, and the United States also from FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Wind Farm Owner-Operators, p. 1. 79 This is occurring in the EU, from Corbetta, op. cit. note 69, 30 March 2016; Sara Knight, “Analysis: Citizen ownership at risk from new system,” Windpower Monthly, 25 August 2015, http:// www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1361449/analysis-citizenownership-risk-new-system; Bailey, op. cit. note 78; Gsänger, op. cit. note 7; WWEA, “Study: Community wind threatened by discriminating policies,” press release (Bonn: 22 March 2016), http://www.wwindea.org/study-community-wind-threatenedby-discriminating-policies/; Carlo Schick, Stefan Gsänger, and Jan Dobertin, Headwind and Tailwind for Community Power (Bonn: WWEA, February 2016), http://www.wwindea.org/ study-community-wind-threatened-by-discriminating-policies/. 80 WWEA, Small Wind World Report 2016 (Bonn: March 2016), Summary, http://www.wwindea.org/small-wind-world-marketback-on-track-again/; RenewableUK, Small and Medium Wind UK Market Report (London: March 2015), http://www.renewableuk. com/en/publications/index.cfm/Small-Medium-Wind-Market- Report-2015. Displace diesel from Navigant Research, “Small and Medium Wind Power,” http://www.navigantresearch.com/ research/small-and-medium-wind-power, viewed 12 February 2014; Navigant Research, “Worldwide small & medium wind power installations are expected to total more than 3.2 gigawatts from 2014 through 2023,” press release (Boulder, CO: 5 January 2015), https://www.navigantresearch.com/newsroom/worldwidesmall-medium-wind-power-installations-are-expected-to-totalmore-than-3-2-gigawatts-from-2014-through-2023. Note that the Navigant report also discusses turbines up to 500 kW. Off-grid applications continued to play an important role in remote areas of developing countries, per WWEA, op. cit. this note. 81 WWEA, op. cit. note 80. 82 Ibid. It is estimated that global small wind capacity at end-2014 was roughly 810 MW, up from an estimated 678 MW in 2012 and 755 MW in 2013, from Alice C. Orrell and Nikolas F. Foster with Scott L. Morris, 2014 Distributed Wind Market Report (Washington, DC: US DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), August 2015), pp. 15–16, http://energy. gov/eere/wind/downloads/2014-distributed-wind-market-report. 83 WWEA, op. cit. note 80. In 2010, the average size of small wind turbines globally was 0.66 kW, and by 2014 it was up to 0.87 kW; the average is 0.5 kWh in China, 1.4 kW in the United States and 4.7 kW in the UK, from idem. 84 WWEA, op. cit. note 80. 85 Ibid. Japan and Argentina also are important markets in terms of units installed, from idem. 86 Orrell and Foster with Morris, op. cit. note 82, pp. i, 3. US small-scale turbine sales totalled 3.7 MW (over 1,600 units and USD 20 million investment) in 2014, down from 5.6 MW in 2013 (2,700 units and USD 36 million), from idem. Leasing models in the United States from Nichola Groom, “UPDATE 1-Wind power startup nabs $200 mln for projects on homes, farms,” Reuters, 5 January 2016, http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/ idAFL1N14P12P20160105; Diane Cardwell, “Wind power spreads through turbines for lease,” New York Times, 18 December 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/19/business/energyenvironment/wind-power-spreads-through-turbines-for-lease. html?_r=0. 87 WWEA, op. cit. note 80; UK below 2012 from RenewableUK, op. cit. note 80 88 Market size (based on billion Euro market) per GWEC, cited in Jennifer Runyon, “Making the most energy from the wind,” Renewable Energy World Magazine, May/June 2015, pp. 32–37. Repowering began in Denmark and Germany, due to a combination of incentives and a large number of ageing turbines. It is driven by technology improvements and the desire to increase output while improving grid compliance and reducing noise and bird mortality, from IEA, Technology Roadmap – Wind Energy, 2013 Edition (Paris: 2013), p. 10, and from James Lawson, “Repowering gives new life to old wind sites,” Renewable Energy World, 17 June 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2013/06/repowering-gives-new-life-to-old-windsites. Ultimately, repowering, where it happens, is driven by the economics of the project, and relevance of other factors depends on whether the government puts incentives in place in relation to them, from Steve Sawyer, GWEC, personal communication with REN21, 13 April 2015. 89 Runyon, op. cit. note 88, pp. 32–37; Zuzana Dobrotkava, World Bank, personal communication with REN21, 28 January 2016. 90 Europe is EWEA preliminary estimate, provided by Corbetta, op. cit. note 69, 30 March 2016. A total of seven turbines offshore (in 236

ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - WIND POWER the UK and Sweden) was decommissioned in 2015, from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 7. Japan and Australia from Feng Zhao, FTI Consulting, personal communication with REN21, 11 April 2016. 91 Repowering in Germany reached a 20% share of new onshore capacity (735 MW), from AGEE-Stat, personal communication with REN21, 5 April 2016, and from C. Ender, “Wind energy use in Germany status 31.12.2015,” DEWI Magazin, February 2016, p. 20, http://www.dewi.de/dewi_res/fileadmin/pdf/publications/ Magazin_48/DEWI_Magazin_48_Digital.pdf. Note that Germany dismantled an estimated 253 wind turbines with capacity of 195.18 MW, and installed 176 repowering turbines with total capacity of 484 MW, from Deutsche WindGuard, op. cit. note 44, p. 1, and from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 44. In Germany, the definition of repowering has been narrowed due to the discontinuation of the repowering bonus in the EEG at the end of 2014. Under the bonus plan, each turbine that replaced at least one old turbine in the same or an adjacent county was considered a repowering turbine; without the bonus, the term repowering now refers to new turbines replacing existing turbines, from Deutsche WindGuard, op. cit. note 44, p. 2. 92 Gevorg Sargsyan, World Bank, personal communication with REN21, 28 January 2016. 93 Wind power capacity installed by end-2015 would produce an estimated 315 TWh in a normal wind year, enough to cover 11.4% (of which 1% is offshore wind) of the EU’s electricity consumption, from EWEA, op. cit. note 8, p. 3. Wind energy penetration levels were calculated by EWEA using average capacity factors onshore and offshore, and Eurostat electricity consumption figures for 2013 (latest available data as of 26 January 2016). 94 An average of 42% of Denmark’s electricity consumption was generated by wind during 2015, up from 39% in 2014 and 22% in 2010, from “New record-breaking year for Danish wind power,” Energinet.dk, 15 January 2016, http://energinet.dk/EN/El/ Nyheder/Sider/Dansk-vindstroem-slaar-igen-rekord-42-procent. aspx. The year 2015 was windier than 2014. Most turbines are in the western part of Denmark, where wind generated electricity corresponded to 55% of the region’s annual consumption, from idem. The year saw multiple times in which the wind met more than 100% of demand, from William Steel, “The wind power horizon for Denmark,” Renewable Energy World, 25 November 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/11/ the-wind-power-horizon-for-denmark. Ireland estimate of 24.2% from ENTSO-E Data Portal, https://www.entsoe.eu/db-query/ production/monthly-production-for-a-specific-country, and estimate of over 23% from Eoin Burke-Kennedy, “Over 23% of electricity demand now supplied through wind,” Irish Times, 29 December 2015, http://www.irishtimes.com/business/ energy-and-resources/over-23-of-electricity-demand-nowsupplied-through-wind-1.2479486. Portugal from ENTSO-E Data Portal, https://www.entsoe.eu/db-query/production/monthlyproduction-for-a-specific-country, and based on data in REN, Sistema Eletroprodutor—Informação Mensal, December 2015, pp. 3, 7. Spain estimate of 18.3% based on data in RED Elétrica de España, The Spanish Electricity System Preliminary Report (Madrid: 2015), http://www.ree.es/sites/default/files/downloadable/ preliminary_report_2015_1.pdf; estimate of 19.4% provided by Jean-Daniel Pitteloud, WWEA, personal communication with REN21, 31 March 2016, and from AEE, op. cit. note 49. Elsewhere in Europe, wind generated 11% of the UK’s electricity in 2015 (and a monthly record of 17% in December), up from 9.5% in 2014, from Martin Flanagan, “Wind energy output hits record levels in 2015,” Scotsman, 5 January 2016, http://www.scotsman.com/news/windenergy-output-hits-record-levels-in-2015-1-3991790; in Scotland, wind generation in 2015 was enough to produce the equivalent of 97% of household electricity needs, from WWF, cited in “Scottish wind power surge reported in 2015,” BBC, 11 January 2016, http:// www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-35277045. 95 Schleswig-Holstein had enough wind to meet 83.6% of its electricity demand, followed by Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (83.4%), Brandenburg (61.4%) and Sachsen-Anhalt (60.9%); the next state was Niedersachsen (30.8%), all from Ender, op. cit. note 91, Figure 13, p. 21. 96 EIA, op. cit. note 27. Wind power accounted for more than 5% of generation in 20 states, more than 10% in 12 states (up by 3 over 2014), more than 15% in 8 states and more than 20% in 3 states, namely Iowa (31.3%), Kansas (23.9%) and South Dakota (25.5%), all from idem and from AWEA, “US number one in the world in wind energy production,” press release (Washington, DC: 29 February 2016), http://www.awea.org/MediaCenter/pressrelease. aspx?ItemNumber=8463. See also EIA, “Iowa State Profile and Energy Estimates,” http://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=IA, updated 17 March 2016. 97 Brazil from Jean-Daniel Pitteloud, WWEA, personal communication with REN21, 8 April 2016; Uruguay from Uruguay Secretary of Energy, Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería, personal communication with REN21, 29 April 2016. 98 Share of almost 3.7% based on global wind power capacity installed at end-2015; on average capacity factors of 22.6% onshore and 32.4% offshore, based on capacity and generation data for 2014, from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), pp. 164–165, 170–171 , https://www. iea.org/bookshop/708-Medium-Term_Renewable_Energy_ Market_Report_2015; and on estimated total global electricity generation of 23,741 TWh in 2015. Electricity generation in 2015 based on the following: total global electricity generation in 2014 of 23,536.5 TWh, from BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2015 (London: 2015), https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/ pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2015/bp-statisticalreview-of-world-energy-2015-full-report.pdf, and estimated global average increase in electricity generation of 0.87%, based on reported 2015 generation in the United States, China, EU, India, the Russian Federation and Brazil, which together represented about 65% of global generation in 2014. For further details, see Endnote for Figure 3. 99 FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Supply-Side Analysis, p. 2. 100 “Wind energy a fresh breeze for valve manufacturers,” Modern Metals, 12 January 2016, http://www.modernmetals.com/ item/13102-wind-energy-a-fresh-breeze-for-valve-manufacturers. html; “UPDATE 1-Vestas record order intake points to strong 2016,” Reuters, 9 February 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/ vestas-wind-results-idUSL8N15O127; EWEA, op. cit. note 66, p. 14. 101 Competition from FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, cited in FTI Consulting, “Wind turbine companies set for continued M&A as Chinese companies take the lead,” press release (London: 23 March 2016), http://www.fticonsulting.com/ about/newsroom/press-releases/wind-turbine-companiesset-for-continued-ma-as-chinese-companies-take-the-lead; fragmentation and flexibility from “Only China ‘booms’ for wind,” Renews Biz, 25 January 2016, http://renews.biz/101277/ only-china-booms-for-wind/. 102 AEE, op. cit. note 49. 103 Aris Karcanias, FTI Consulting, cited in Joshua S. Hill, “Global wind energy market expected to reach 59 GW,” CleanTechnica, 27 October 2015, http://cleantechnica.com/2015/10/27/globalwind-energy-market-expected-reach-59-gw/; “Only China ‘booms’ for wind,” op. cit. note 101; GWEC, “China wind power blows past EU,” op. cit. note 51. 104 Steve Sawyer, GWEC, personal communication with REN21, 29 October 2015; BNEF, “Wind and solar boost cost-competitiveness versus fossil fuels,” press release (London and New York: 6 October 2015), http://about.bnef.com/press-releases/ wind-solar-boost-cost-competitiveness-versus-fossil-fuels/. 105 BNEF, op. cit. note 104. Thanks to technological innovation, the cost of electricity from onshore wind was down 25% from 2008, from FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Technology Overview. 106 Mexico, New Zealand, Turkey, and parts of Australia, China and the United States from Sawyer, op. cit. note 104; Canada from CanWEA, op. cit. note 35; South Africa from GWEC, “Wind energy has saved South Africa R1.8 billion more than it cost for first half of 2015 – and it’s cash positive for Eskom,” undated, http://www.gwec.net/wind-energy-has-saved-southafrica-r1-8-billion-more-than-it-cost-for-first-half-of-2015- and-its-cash-positive-for-eskom/, and from Joanne Calitz, Crescent Mushwana, and Tobias Bischhof-Niemz, “Financial benefits of renewables in Africa in 2015,” CSIR Energy Centre, 14 August 2015, http://www.csir.co.za/media_releases/docs/ Financial%20benefits%20of%20Wind%20and%20PV%20 2015.pdf; United States also from “Wind power now cheaper than natural gas for Xcel, CEO says,” Renewable Energy World, 27 October 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ articles/2015/10/wind-power-now-cheaper-than-naturalgas-for-xcel-ceo-says, and from Ryan Wiser et al., 2014 Wind Technologies Market Report (Washington, DC: US DOE, EERE, 2015), p. viii, http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/08/ f25/2014-Wind-Technologies-Market-Report-8.7.pdf. 02 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 237

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Page 3 and 4: GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword

Page 5 and 6: Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab

Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra

Page 9 and 10: RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS

Page 11 and 12: Note: Some individuals have contrib

Page 13 and 14: Sweden Robert Fischer (University o

Page 15 and 16: REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh

Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A

Page 19 and 20: RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN

Page 21 and 22: TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen

Page 23 and 24: SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap

Page 25 and 26: INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;

Page 27 and 28: 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa

Page 29 and 30: markets, policy changes and uncerta

Page 31 and 32: Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout

Page 33 and 34: Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie

Page 35 and 36: also are growing, as are wind turbi

Page 37 and 38: n Latin America: Biomass-based heat

Page 39 and 40: n Africa: Although biofuel producti

Page 41 and 42: JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E

Page 43 and 44: 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA

Page 45 and 46: BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of

Page 47 and 48: China, the third largest ethanol pr

Page 49 and 50: concluded long-term offtake agreeme

Page 51 and 52: GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure

Page 53 and 54: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas

Page 55 and 56: HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl

Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O

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Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad

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Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in

Page 69 and 70: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea

Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F

Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS

Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind

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Page 93 and 94: INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2

Page 95 and 96: The market for PAYG solar - micro-p

Page 97 and 98: in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th

Page 99 and 100: 04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve

Page 101 and 102: INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in

Page 103 and 104: INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe

Page 105 and 106: SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up

Page 107 and 108: 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun

Page 109 and 110: spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t

Page 111 and 112: Specific commitments to renewable h

Page 113 and 114: Figure 39. Countries with Renewable

Page 115 and 116: Three US states took steps to expan

Page 117 and 118: volume requirements that were an in

Page 119 and 120: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P

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Page 123 and 124: 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE

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Page 129 and 130: 1990 and 2008, design-related effic

Page 131 and 132: The Green Climate Fund included in

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Page 139 and 140: e a successful means for addressing

Page 141 and 142: Table R2. Renewable Electric Power

Page 143 and 144: Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C

Page 145 and 146: Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity

Page 147 and 148: Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle

Page 149 and 150: Table R10. Electricity Access by Re

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Page 153 and 154: Table R11. Population Relying on Tr

Page 155 and 156: Table R12. Programmes Furthering En

Page 157 and 158: Table R12. Programmes Furthering En

Page 159 and 160: Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener

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Page 163 and 164: Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin

Page 165 and 166: Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen

Page 167 and 168: Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen

Page 169 and 170: Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets

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Page 177 and 178: Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C

Page 179 and 180: Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C

Page 181 and 182: Table R23. Heating and Cooling from

Page 183 and 184: Table R25. National and State/Provi

Page 185 and 186: Table R26. City and Local Renewable

Page 187 and 188: ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-

Page 189 and 190: ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com

Page 191 and 192: ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See

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Page 247 and 248: ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY

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Page 255 and 256: ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp

Page 257 and 258: ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013

Page 259 and 260: ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so

Page 261 and 262: ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu

Page 263 and 264: NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist

Page 265 and 266: GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog

Page 267 and 268: GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which

Page 269 and 270: GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru

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