2j7YOwO

ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - WIND POWER
Waruru, “East Africa’s biggest renewable power projects face land
challenges,” Renewable Energy World, 22 March 2016, http://
www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/03/east-africas-biggest-renewable-power-projects-face-land-challenges.html;
Bella Genga, “Lake Turkana Wind Power of Kenya sees electricity
supply delayed,” Bloomberg, 22 March 2016, http://www.
bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-22/lake-turkana-windpower-of-kenya-sees-electricity-supply-delayed.
62 Egypt and Morocco from Sawyer, op. cit. note 24. Countries
across the continent included Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya,
Mozambique, Senegal, Sudan and Tanzania, from Steve
Sawyer, GWEC, cited in Vince Font, “Wind energy setting
records, growing still: the wind energy outlook for 2016,”
Renewable Energy World, 3 February 2016, http://www.
renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/02/wind-energysetting-records-growing-still-the-wind-energy-outlook-for-2016;
Tanzania also from “50 MW wind power project in Tanzania to
cost more than US$ 132m,” Construction Review Online, 11 March
2015, http://constructionreviewonline.com/2015/03/50-mwwind-power-project-in-tanzania-to-cost-more-than-us-132m/.
63 Australia and Samoa added capacity per GWEC, op. cit. note
1, and per WWEA, op. cit. note 57; Australia (380 MW), New
Zealand (7 MW) and Pacific Islands (9 MW) added capacity per
FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Demand-Side Analysis, p. 4.
64 Australia added 380 MW for total of 4,187 MW, from GWEC, op.
cit. note 1, p. 11, and added 380 MW for a total of 4,186 MW, from
WWEA, op. cit. note 57. Five wind farms became operational in
2015, adding 196 turbines and 380 MW of generating capacity.
These additional projects took the Australian wind industry to a
total of 76 wind farms with a capacity of 4,187 MW, made up of
2,062 turbines, from Alicia Webb, Clean Energy Council Australia,
personal communication with REN21, April 2016. Figure of 5%
from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 26.
65 Figure of 3,398 MW added to the grid for a total of 12,107 MW,
from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 49, and adjusted for lower additions
in Germany, from BMWi, Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland,
op. cit. note 44. A total of 3,856 MW was grid-connected in 2015,
using a different methodology from other sources (including
Siemens turbines that were not delivered to clients according
to the company’s project reference list for 2014), from FTI
Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Supply-Side Analysis, p. 14.
66 Europe added 3,034.5 MW to its grids for a total of 11,039.3 MW,
and decommissioned seven turbines (in the UK and Sweden),
from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 49; 10 MW of offshore capacity
was decommissioned in Sweden and 6 MW in the UK, from
GWEC, op. cit. note 2. Europe added 3,019 MW of net installed,
grid-connected capacity in 2015 (108% more than in 2014), for a
total of 11,027 MW; most of this capacity (69.4%) was in the North
Sea, with the rest in the Irish Sea (17.6%), the Baltic (12.9%) and
the Atlantic, from EWEA, The European Offshore Wind Industry
– Key Trends and Statistics 2015 (Brussels: February 2016), pp.
3, 11, http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/
statistics/EWEA-European-Offshore-Statistics-2015.pdf. Europe
(namely Germany, the UK and the Netherlands) added 3,014.6
MW of offshore capacity to its grids, from EurObserv’ER, op. cit.
note 1, p. 7.
67 Figure of 2,234 MW from preliminary statistics from BMWi,
Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland, op. cit. note 44. Other
information based on GWEC, op. cit. note 2. Additions came to
2,282 MW per GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 44. Germany brought
2,589 MW online offshore in 2015 and accounted for 67.1% of new
offshore capacity, from FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Demand-
Side Analysis, pp. v, 8.
68 The UK (572.1 MW), China (361 MW) and the Netherlands (180
MW) from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 49; Japan from Japan Wind
Power Association, provided by Feng Zhao, FTI Consulting,
personal communication with REN21, 11 April 2016. The UK
added 773.7 MW, China added 361 MW and the Netherlands
added 129 MW, from FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Demand-
Side Analysis, p. v; the UK added an estimated 617 MW based
on 4,501 MW offshore at end-2014 and a preliminary figure of
5,188 MW at end-2015, from UK DECC, op. cit. note 47. Note that
Vietnam also had an offshore (intertidal) wind farm operating by
end-2015, but it was not commissioned until 17 January 2016, per
Steve Sawyer, GWEC, personal communication with REN21, 10
April 2016. Vietnam added 62 MW of offshore capacity for total
of 92 MW (and 114 MW of wind overall), from Peter Cattelaens,
REN21 country contributor and GIZ Energy Support Programme
Vietnam, personal communication with REN21, February 2016.
Vietnam saw 83.2 MW commissioned in late December for
Phase 2 of the Bac Lieu project, for a total capacity of 99.2 MW;
feasibility studies for a further 300 MW offshore were under way
in early 2016, from “Vietnam commissions Bac Lieu phase two,”
4COffshore, 29 December 2015, http://www.4coffshore.com/
windfarms/vietnam-inaugurates-bac-lieu-phase-two-nid3056.
html. Some offshore capacity also was decommissioned in 2015,
with 10 MW removed in Sweden and 6 MW in the UK, from FTI
Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Demand-Side Analysis, p. 8.
69 Policy changes in the UK from Steve Sawyer, GWEC, personal
communication with REN21, 7 October 2015. An announcement
regarding the UK Contract for Difference, the country’s support
mechanism for renewables, was missed, causing uncertainty
in the industry and the loss of around six months of work, from
Giorgio Corbetta, EWEA, personal communication with REN21,
30 March 2016. Total year-end offshore capacity in the UK was
5,066 MW, followed by Germany (3,295 MW), Denmark (1,271
MW), China (1,015 MW), Belgium (712 MW), the Netherlands
(427 MW), Sweden (202 MW), Japan (53 MW), Finland (26 MW),
Ireland (25 MW), the Republic of Korea and Spain (5 MW each),
Norway (2 MW), Portugal (2 MW) and the United States (0.02
MW), from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 49. The UK added 566.1
MW in 2015 for a total of 5,061 MW, from Giorgio Corbetta,
WindEurope, personal communication with REN21, 28 April 2016;
Germany had a total of 3,283 MW, from preliminary statistics from
BMWi, Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland, op. cit. note 44; the
UK had 5,188 MW at end-2015, based on preliminary data from
UK DECC, op. cit. note 47; China had a total of 1,015 MW offshore
at end-2015, including 612 MW of inter-tidal capacity, from Shi, op.
cit. note 15.
70 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2015 (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2015), p. 346.
71 Delay and causes from Yang Jianxiang, “Analysis: China
to reevaluate offshore in new Five-Year Plan,” Windpower
Offshore, 16 June 2015, http://www.windpoweroffshore.com/
article/1351718/analysis-china-reevaluate-offshore-new-five-yearplan;
Vince Font, “Creating an offshore wind industry,” Renewable
Energy World Magazine, November/December 2015, pp. 20-25;
Militsa Mancheva, “China Longyuan plugs in 4 turbines at 400-
MW offshore wind park,” SeeNews Renewables, 5 January 2016,
https://renewables.seenews.com/news/china-longyuan-plugsin-4-turbines-at-400-mw-offshore-wind-park-507775.
72 Press Trust of India, “Tenders to lease sea blocks for wind
farms early next year,” Business Standard, 6 October 2015,
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/
tenders-to-lease-sea-blocks-for-wind-farms-early-nextyear-115100600330_1.html.
73 Deepwater Wind, “Block Island wind farm caps off successful first
offshore construction season,” press release (Providence, RI: 8
December 2015), http://dwwind.com/press/block-island-windfarm-caps-off-successful-first-offshore-construction-season/;
Herman K. Trabish, “Feds approve North Carolina ocean tract for
offshore wind developments,” Utility Dive, 21 September 2015,
http://www.utilitydive.com/news/feds-approve-north-carolinaocean-tract-for-offshore-wind-developments/405896/;
Fatima
Maria Ahmad, “White House recognizes momentum for offshore
wind,” GWEC, October 2015, http://www.gwec.net/white-houserecognizes-momentum-for-offshore-wind/.
As of late 2015, the
continental United States had 21 offshore wind projects totalling
15.65 GW of potential capacity in various stages of development,
from Aaron Smith, Tyler Stehly, and Walter Musial, 2014-2015
Offshore Wind Technologies Market Report (Golden, CO: National
Renewable Energy Laboratory: September 2015), p. 33, http://
energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/09/f26/2014-2015-offshorewind-technologies-market-report-FINAL.pdf.
See also Michael
Copley, “Offshore wind advocates try to broaden debate beyond
straight economics,” SNL, 30 September 2015, https://www.snl.
com/Interactivex/article.aspx?CdId=A-34033675-12846.
74 FTI Consulting, op. cit. note 1, Wind Farm Owner-Operators, p. 2.
75 In the United States, for example, industries, universities,
government agencies and other nonutility buyers accounted
for a significant share of US wind power contracts in 2015,
from Eckhouse, op. cit. note 32. Also see: Ivan Shumkov,
“Dong inaugurates 312-MW wind farm off Germany,” SeeNews
Renewables, 9 October 2015, http://renewables.seenews.
com/news/dong-inaugurates-312-mw-wind-farm-offgermany-496603;
Emma Bailey, “Google to invest in Africa’s
largest wind farm,” Triple Pundit, 25 November 2015, http://www.
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