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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING
were Micoe, Sunrain, Himin and Linuo-Paradigma, per Cheng
Hongzhi, SunVision Management Consulting, Dezhou, China,
personal communication with REN21, April 2016. Micoe and
Sunrain are the two brands of the manufacturer Sunrise East
Group.
79 The TASK on Price Reduction of Solar Thermal Systems was
launched in October, per Eva Augsten, “IEA SHC: Industry invited
to join research community for lower solar heat costs,” Solar
Thermal World, October 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.
org/content/iea-shc-industry-invited-join-research-communitylower-solar-heat-costs.
80 Bärbel Epp, “Germany/Belgium: Container solutions to
standardise commercial solar thermal systems,” Solar Thermal
World, 2 February 2016, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/
content/germanybelgium-container-solutions-standardisecommercial-solar-thermal-systems-0.
81 Domestic hot water supply stations have been used mainly
in German-speaking countries to date but have become
increasingly popular in southern and eastern Europe, especially
for large buildings that are equipped with buffer tanks, per Eva
Augsten, “Tap water stations: top marks for hygiene,” Sun &
Wind Energy, November 2015, http://www.sunwindenergy.com/
content/tap-water-stations-top-marks-hygiene.
82 Viessmann from Bärbel Epp, “Germany: ISH 2015 and its
prominent novelties,” Solar Thermal World, 30 March 2015, http://
www.solarthermalworld.org/content/germany-ish-2015-andits-prominent-novelties;
Sunlumo from Bärbel Epp, “Germany:
Two national awards for solar thermal specialists,” Solar Thermal
World, 27 January 2016, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/
content/germany-two-national-awards-solar-thermal-specialists.
The Sunlumo collector received the German Federal Ecodesign
Award in the Product category, from idem.
83 The Global Solar Certification Network (GSCN) was developed
within TASK 43, called Solar Rating and Certification – Global
Collector Certification, per Bärbel Epp, “IEA SHC: Mutual
recognition of test and inspection reports saves industry
costs,“ Solar Thermal World, 4 August 2015, http://www.
solarthermalworld.org/content/iea-shc-mutual-recognition-testand-inspection-reports-saves-industry-costs.
84 Epp, op. cit. note 83; An example of the cost-saving possibilities:
a manufacturer that certifies eight different collector types on
three regional market would pay around EUR 288,000. Under the
new scheme of mutual recognition the fees go down to only EUR
96,000, per Jan Erik Nielsen, Solarkey Int., Hvalsø, Denmark, head
of GSCN (http://www.gscn.solar/), personal communication with
solrico, November 2015.
85 Bärbel Epp, “ISH 2015: Letter A with or without + dominates
International Heating Fair,” Solar Thermal World, 13
March 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/
ish-2015-letter-or-without-dominates-international-heating-fair.
86 Ibid. Another critical point is the dependency of collector
and tank manufacturers from the installer, which should
calculate the so-called package label for a solar system
with an arbitrary boiler, whereas boiler manufacturers sell
already-labelled heating and hot water systems, including
solar, per Bärbel Epp, “European energy labelling: solar
manufacturers have doubts,” Solar Thermal World, 27
October 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/
european-energy-labelling-solar-manufacturers-have-doubts.
87 The relevant solar thermal institutions in Europe – ESTIF,
Solar Keymark Network and BSW Solar – have difficulties
implementing Solergy because the initiative lacks broad
industry support and is not anchored in the EU regulations, per
Bärbel Epp, “Germany: Debate about voluntary collector output
label Solergy,” Solar Thermal World, 4 November 2015, http://
www.solarthermalworld.org/content/germany-debate-aboutvoluntary-collector-output-label-solergy;
Bärbel Epp, “Solergy
collector label: EU commission confirms clear distinction from
energy labelling,” Solar Thermal World, 28 December 2015, http://
www.solarthermalworld.org/content/solergy-collector-labeleu-commission-confirms-clear-distinction-energy-labelling.
By end-January 2016, around 200 collector types were labelled
partly by the German certification body Din Certco, per Marisol
Oropeza, “News from Solergy,” Solar Heat Initiative newsletter, 15
February 2016, http://solar-heating-initiative.com/.
88 Vanessa Kriele, “Quality infrastructure crucial to emerging
markets,” Solar Thermal World, 11 January 2016, http://www.
solarthermalworld.org/content/quality-infrastructure-crucialemerging-markets;
IRENA, Quality Infrastructure for Renewable
Energy Technologies: Solar Water Heaters (Abu Dhabi: December
2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/
IRENA_QI_3_SWH_2015.pdf.
89 Alejandro Diego Rosell, “MENA: First online training program
on solar water heaters certification,” Solar Thermal World,
21 June 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/
mena-first-online-training-program-solar-water-heaterscertification.
The Initiative of the Pan American Standards
Commission (Copant) aims to develop regional standards for
solar water heaters with the aim of harmonising them with
ISO standards, per Vanessa Kriele, “Latin America on its way
to solar thermal quality standards,” Solar Thermal World, 31
August 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/
latin-america-its-way-solar-thermal-quality-standards.
90 A total of 39 suppliers with 76 collectors was analysed in a survey,
with 76% of the supplied collectors based on parabolic trough
technology, followed by 16% with lineal Fresnel technology, per
Ana Huidobro, “Medium temperature solar collectors database,
TASK 11.1 – small scale and low cost installations for power and
industrial process heat applications,” Tecnalia, July 2015, http://
www.stage-ste.eu/keydocuments/docs/STAGE-STE_D110.pdf.
91 Database STAGE-STE, cited in Tecnalia, “Medium temperature
solar collectors manufacturers and models database” (Donostia-
San Sebastian, Spain: November 2015), http://www.stage-ste.eu/
keydocuments/solarthermalcollectors.php.
92 Artic Solar manufactures the XCPC collectors, which provide
enough heat for commercial buildings as well as hightemperature
applications, per the company’s website, http://
www.articsolar.com/about.html. Skyven Technologies is
developing a solar thermal panel which concentrates radiation
to a closed, controllable piping network, per the company’s
website, http://www.skyven.co/technology/. Oorja Solar
develops concentrating solar thermal collectors for new industrial
applications, per the company’s website, http://www.oorja.in/
intersolar-india-2015-oorja-presents-on-novel-solar-thermalapplications/.
93 Database STAGE-STE, op. cit. note 91.
94 Among the more than 9,600 buildings of the US General Services
Administration, appropriate candidates for PV-T are those
which have a larger domestic hot water load that is provided by
electricity not gas, per Jesse Dean et al., Photovoltaic-Thermal
New Technology Demonstration (Golden, CO: US National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, January 2015).
95 Ibid., op. cit. note 94.
96 The annual electrical co-efficient of performance (COP el
) of 12
monitored solar cooling systems between 10 and 1,750 kW cool
was
between 6 and 25, with an average value of 12.9, which is three
times higher than the state of the art compression chiller systems,
per Uli Jakob, “Best Practice Brochure from IEA SHC TASK
48 Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling
Systems” (Germany: Green Chiller Association for Sorption
Cooling, June 2015), http://task48.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/
publications/Task%2048%20-%20Activity%20D2%20Final%20
Report%20-%20November%202015.pdf. A COP el
of 12.9 means
that the system produces the equivalent of 12.9 kWh of cooling
energy from each kWh of electricity. Riccardo Battisti, „Solar
cooling 2.0: new generation growing up,” Solar Thermal World,
1 October 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/
solar-cooling-20-new-generation-growing.
97 Bärbel Epp, “Denmark/Italy: Green cooling kit from Purix
addresses growing split chiller market,” Solar Thermal World,
23 December 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/
denmarkitaly-green-cooling-kit-purix-addresses-growing-splitchiller-market;
Solarinvent and Solabcool from Riccardo Battisti,
“Solar cooling: from research to market competitiveness,” Solar
Thermal World, 6 October 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.
org/content/solar-cooling-research-market-competitiveness.
Meibes developed a 5 kW sorption chiller and will offer complete
system kits including space heating and cooling energy
distribution, per Andre Breuer, Meibes, Gerichshain, Germany,
personal communication with REN21, April 2016.
98 Compact Thermal Energy Storage has a huge potential for latent
heat and sorption materials in the long run – in seasonal solar
heat storage for small and medium applications, as well as in
the building sector, per Wim van Helden and Matthias Rommel,
230