ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - CSP 2015, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/11/20/ morocco-to-make-history-with-first-of-its-kind-solar-plant. 50 “Weekly Intelligence Brief: December 15 – 22,” CSP Today, 22 December 2014, http://social.csptoday.com/markets/ weekly-intelligence-brief-december-15-22. 51 UAE from Heba Hashem, “UAE’s MISP center accelerates pre-commercial tech development,” CSP Today, 27 January 2016, http://social.csptoday.com/technology/uae%E2%80%99s-mispcenter-accelerates-pre-commercial-tech-development, and from “Dubai to tender within weeks; UAE launches one tank storage demo,” CSP Today, 22 February 2016, http://social.csptoday.com/ markets/dubai-tender-within-weeks-uae-launches-one-tankstorage-demo; United States from Susan Kraemer, “US energydense storage system set to raise tower efficiency,” CSP Today, 16 December 2015, http://social.csptoday.com/technology/ us-energy-dense-storage-system-set-raise-tower-efficiency; Italy from Flavia Rotondi and Alessandra Migliaccio, ”Italian company uses sun-heated sand to produce energy,” Bloomberg, 21 May 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-21/ italian-company-uses-sun-heated-sand-to-produce-energy. 52 Susan Kraemer, “Why taxpayer-backed Abengoa is not another Solyndra,” Renewable Energy World, 16 December 2016, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/12/why-taxpayerbacked-abengoa-is-not-another-solyndra.html; Hashem, op. cit. note 51; Kraemer, op. cit. note 51. 53 Incremental improvements from Heba Hashem, “Stellio heliostat set to cut CSP tower costs by 20%,” CSP Today, 12 January 2016, http://social.csptoday.com/technology/stellio-heliostatset-cut-csp-tower-costs-20, from “Oman EOR project ahead of schedule; EIB tenders in Namibia; lighter steam system cuts CAPEX,” CSP Today, 8 November 2015, http://social.csptoday. com/technology/oman-eor-project-ahead-schedule-eib-tendersnamibia-lighter-steam-system-cuts-capex, and from “Australian CSP farm build starts…,” op. cit. note 4; reduction of water usage from “Dubai to tender within weeks…,” op. cit. note 51, and from Hashem, op. cit. note 51; reduction of land from “Nexus targets process heat, micro-grids with land-saving design,” CSP Today, 12 May 2015, http://social.csptoday.com/technology/ nexus-targets-process-heat-micro-grids-land-saving-design. 226
ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING 1 Bärbel Epp, “Big ups and downs on global market,“ Solar Thermal World, 26 April 2016, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/ content/big-ups-and-downs-global-market. Figure 19 based on latest market data available at time of publication for countries that together represent 93–94% of the world total. Data from original country sources provided in idem, as follows: David Ferrari, School of Engineering at RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; Klaus Mischensky, Austria Solar, Vienna, Austria; Marcelo Mesquita, Solar Heating Department (DASOL), Brazilian Association of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Ventilation and Heating (ABRAVA), São Paulo, Brazil; Hongzhi Cheng, Dezhou, Shandong SunVision Management Consulting, Dezhou, China; Denmark from Jan Erik Nielsen, PlanEnergi, Skørping, Denmark, and Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden; Richard Loyen, Enerplan, La Ciotat, France; Marco Tepper, BSW Solar, Berlin, Germany; Costas Travasaros, Greek Solar Industry Association (EBHE), Piraeus, Greece; Jaideep Malaviya, Solar Thermal Federation of India (STFI), Pune, India; Eli Shilton, Elsol, Kohar-yair, Israel; Kumiko Saito, Solar System Development Association (SSDA), Tokyo, Japan; Daniel Garcia, Solar Thermal Manufacturers Organisation (FAMERAC), Mexico City, Mexico; Janusz Staroscik, Association of Manufacturers and Importers of Heating Appliances (SPIUG), Warsaw, Poland; Pascual Polo, Spanish Solar Thermal Association (ASIT), Madrid, Spain; David Stickelberger, Swissolar, Zurich, Switzerland; Kutay Ülke, Ezinç Metal, Kayseri, Turkey; United States from Les Nelson, Solar Heating & Cooling Programs at the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO), Ontario, Canada, all personal communications with REN21, March–April 2016. 2 Epp, op. cit. note 1. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. 5 Franz Mauthner, AEE-Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE INTEC), Gleisdorf, Austria, personal communications with REN21, March–May 2016; Franz Mauthner, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür, Solar Heat Worldwide. Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2014 (Gleisdorf, Austria: International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (SHC), 2016). Figure 20 is based on latest market data from Australia, Austria, Brazil, China, Germany, Israel, Mexico, Turkey and the United States, which represented 87% of the cumulated installed capacity in operation in the year 2014. The other countries were projected according to their trend over the past two years as per Mauthner, op. cit. note 5. 6 Mauthner, op. cit. note 5; Mauthner, Weiss, and Spörk-Dür, op. cit. note 5. 7 Mauthner, op. cit. note 5; Mauthner, Weiss, and Spörk-Dür, op. cit. note 5. Figure 21 based on idem. 8 Epp, op. cit. note 1. 9 Bärbel Epp, “China: “Now we should concentrate on technological progress and new applications in industry and agriculture,” Solar Thermal World, 28 March 2016, http://www.solarthermalworld. org/content/china-now-we-should-concentrate-technologicalprogress-and-new-applications-industry-and. 10 Market data on total capacity in operation in China from Mauthner, op. cit. note 5. Chinese market figures assume a 10-year lifetime for Chinese-made systems, resulting in 2015 gross additions of 30.45 GW th and net additions of 19.92 GW th . 11 Epp, op. cit. note 9. 12 Flat plate collectors continued to gain market share to 12.7% over evacuated tubes in 2015, but even so, total flat plate collector installations (5.5 million m 2 ) were down relative to 2014. Peak year was 2013 with 7.6 million m 2 flat plate collector area newly installed, per Epp, op. cit. note 9. 13 Bärbel Epp, “Turkey: Great achievements with little policy support,” Solar Thermal World, 5 August 2015, http://www. solarthermalworld.org/content/turkey-great-achievements-littlepolicy-support. Annual market volume of flat plate and vacuum tube collectors for 2015 from Kutay Ülke, Ezinç Metal San., Kayseri, Turkey, personal communication with REN21, April 2016. 14 Annual market volume of flat plate and vacuum tube collectors between 2007 and 2015 from Kutay Ülke, Ezinç Metal San., Kayseri, Turkey, personal communication with solrico, and from various editions of IEA SHC, Solar Heat Worldwide. 15 Market figures for 2015 from Marcelo Mesquita, DASOL ABRAVA, personal communication with REN21, April 2016. 16 Based on data for 2010–2014, from Ibid. 17 As of September 2015, not all housing units of the second phase of MCMV (2011–2015) had been planned, built, handed over and paid off, since Brazil was facing an economic crisis and the government budget had come under pressure, per Vanessa Kriele, “Brazil offers new green building credit terms,” Solar Thermal World, 29 September 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/ brazil-offers-new-green-building-credit-terms. 18 Market figures for 2015 from Jaideep Malaviya, STFI, Pune, India, personal communication with REN21, April 2016. 19 Jaideep Malaviya, “India: Solar system suppliers call for solar process heat obligation,” Solar Thermal World, 11 November 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/ india-solar-system-suppliers-call-solar-process-heat-obligation. 20 Market research of solrico cited in Epp, op. cit. note 1. 21 As per Mauthner, op. cit. note 5. 22 Bärbel Epp, ISOL Navigator December 2015 (Bielefeld, Germany: solrico, December 2015); solrico market research. 23 Preliminary estimates for the EU-28 market at end-2015 is based on glazed collectors only, and from Pedro Dias, European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF), Brussels, Belgium, personal communication with REN21, April 2016. 24 Preliminary estimates for EU-28 total installed capacity in operation at end-2015 from Ibid. Preliminary estimates for global total installed capacity in operation from Mauthner, op. cit. note 5. 25 Epp, op. cit. note 1. 26 Costas Travasaros, EBHE, Athens, Greece, personal communication with REN21, February 2016. 27 German Heating Manufacturers Association (BDH), “Dynamisches Wachstum in 2015: Deutsche Heizungsindustrie zieht Jahresbilanz,” press release (Cologne: 24 February 2015), http://www.bdh-koeln.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/artikel/// dynamisches-wachstum-in-2015-deutsche-heizungsindustriezieht-jahresbilanz.html; estimated cumulative capacity from Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Development of Renewable Energy Sources in Germany 2015, Statistical Data from the Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-Stat), as at February 2016, http:// www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/ development-of-renewable-energy-sources-in-germany-2015. pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=8. 28 Bärbel Epp, “Germany: National subsidy scheme gets significant amendment,” Solar Thermal World, 24 March 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/ germany-national-subsidy-scheme-gets-significant-amendment. 29 In Spain the market was off by 6%, following a 10% uptick in 2014, due to expiration of Andalusia’s incentive scheme in June 2015 and to a 5% decline in the housing construction market throughout the year, per Pascual Polo, ASIT, Madrid, Spain, personal communication with REN21, March 2016. In Italy, the bureaucratic process with the national subsidy scheme led to a small number of applications accounting for less than 10% of the Italian market in 2014, per Riccardo Battisti, “Italy: First 18-months results of Conto Termico subsidy scheme,” Solar Thermal World, 17 June 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/ italy-first-18-months-results-conto-termico-subsidy-scheme. The dramatic drop in both the single- and multi-family building segments in France was caused by a decline in new construction and competition with cheaper heating technologies, such as heat pumps, per Epp, op. cit. note 22. 30 Franz Mauthner, AEE INTEC, Gleisdorf, Austria, personal communications with REN21, January–April 2016; Mauthner, Weiss, and Spörk-Dür, op. cit. note 5. 31 Mauthner, op. cit. note 30; Mauthner, Weiss, and Spörk-Dür, op. cit. note 5. Figure 22 based on data from Mauthner, op. cit. note 5, and from Mauthner, Weiss, and Spörk-Dür, op. cit. note 5. The MENA region includes Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, the State of Palestine and Tunisia. Latin America includes Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Uruguay. Asia includes India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Taipei (China) and Thailand. Sub-Saharan Africa includes Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South 02 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 227
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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