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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - SOLAR PV module to be produced in Thailand,” PV-Tech, 27 April 2015, http://www.pv-tech.org/news/snec_2015_zhongli_talesuns_ perc_cell_hipro_module_to_be_produced_in_thailan; Tanja Peschel, “New world record for PERC solar cell efficiency,” Sun & Wind Energy, 21 July 2015, http://www.sunwindenergy. com/photovoltaics/new-world-record-perc-solar-cellefficiency; Jake Richardson, “Neo Solar Power announces 21.1% efficient Mono-PERC solar cell,” CleanTechnica, 15 November 2015, http://cleantechnica.com/2015/11/15/ neo-solar-power-announces-21-1-efficient-mono-perc-solar-cell/. 153 Solar windows and spray-on solar from “Mirrors, pods, printed panels: Solar innovation heats up,” op. cit. note 149; Brendon Lee, “Printed solar cells hold promise for unlit rural areas,” SciDevNet, 10 June 2015, http://www.scidev.net/asia-pacific/ energy/news/printed-solar-cells-hold-promise-for-unlit-ruralareas.html; Merck (Germany) announced in late 2015 that its semi-transparent gray organic PV modules were commercially available for curtain-wall building façades, from Belectric, “Gray modules: new dimension in organic photovoltaics for buildings,” press release (Darmstadt and Nuremberg: 26 November 2015), http://www.belectric.com/en/press-center/; Merck KGaA, “Photovoltaic windows: energy efficient and energy generating,” press release (Darmstadt, Germany: 15 March 2016), http://news. emdgroup.com/N/0/096CEB3412FC2D67C1257F760037308 1/$File/Merck_BIPV_20160315_EMD.pdf; Emirates Insolaire (UAE) produced and installed its first coloured solar panels for building façades in Europe, from “Emirates Insolaire’s coloured solar panels take skyscrapers’ facades to new heights,” Dubai Investments, 11 May 2015, http://www.dubaiinvestments.com/en/ SitePages/media_center_view.aspx?news=172. 154 Companies manufacturing such products include Trina Solar, Canadian Solar, JinkoSolar, Hanwha, Sunpower and LG, from Christian Roselund, “Smart and AC module market to grow nine-fold by 2020,” PV Magazine, 4 November 2015, http://www. pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/smart-and-ac-modulemarket-to-grow-nine-fold-by-2020_100021842/. 155 Jeff St. John, “First Solar joins $50M investment in Younicos, stakes claim in energy storage market,” Greentech Media, 8 December 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ first-solar-joins-50m-investment-in-younicos-stakes-claim-inenergy-storage. 156 Ibid. 157 About 75% of those surveyed offered storage solutions to customers in Europe, per EuPD Research 2015, cited in “European PV Installer Monitor 2015/2016: Three quarters of PV installers in Germany offer energy storage systems,” Sonnenseite, 12 April 2015, http://www.sonnenseite.com/en/energy/europeanpv-installermonitor-2015-2016-three-quarters-of-pv-installersin-germany-offer-energy-storage-systems.html; US markets from, for example, Duke Energy’s renewables unit announced that its subsidiary, REC Solar, plans to offer combined systems in Southern California and Hawaii, from Herman K. Trabish, “Duke Energy’s commercial solar business to offer energy storage,” Utility Dive, 9 December 2015, http://www.utilitydive.com/news/ duke-energys-commercial-solar-business-to-offer-energystorage/410482/. 158 Jason Deign, “Germany’s top residential battery company ramps up its US strategy to rival Tesla,” Greentech Media, 18 December 2015, https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/ read/germanys-top-residential-battery-company-ramps-upits-US-strategy-to-riva; Jason Deign, “Sonnenbatterie launches Solar-Plus-Storage storage system for $10,645,” Greentech Media, 25 November 2015, https://www.greentechmedia. com/articles/read/sonnenbatterie-launches-solar-plusstorage-storage-system-for-10645; Katie Fehrenbacher, “Amid a solar boom, batteries draw attention and dollars,” Fortune, 16 July 2015, http://fortune.com/2015/07/16/ batteries-solar-funding/?xid=soc_socialflow_twitter_FORTUNE. 159 Paula Mints, “Notes from the solar underground: 2015, out with the old, In with the new,” Renewable Energy World, 16 December 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ articles/2015/12/notes-from-the-solar-underground-2015-outwith-the-old-in-with-the-new; “Defective panels threatening profit at China solar farms: energy,” Bloomberg, 19 January 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-20/ defective-panels-threatening-profit-at-china-solar-farms-energy. 160 Paula Mints, “2015 supply side update: estimates of 2015 shipments, inventory, defective modules and prices,” Renewable Energy World, 9 November 2015, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/11/2015-supply-sideupdate-estimates-of-2015-shipments-inventory-defectivemodules-and-prices. 161 Masson, op. cit. note 2. 162 Jason Deign, “Inverter makers focus on cutting O&M costs to increase market share,” PV Insider, 23 November 2015, http://analysis.pv-insider.com/ inverter-makers-focus-cutting-om-costs-increase-market-share. 163 David Appleyard, “Intelligent inverters stealing the show,” Renewable Energy World Magazine, September/October 2014, pp. 30–38, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2014/09/intelligent-inverters-stealing-the-show; grid services from Roesch, op. cit. note 92. 164 Katherine Tweed, “Enphase launches an upgraded smart home energy-management system,” Greentech Media, 8 September 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/ read/Enphase-Launches-An-Upgraded-Smart-Home-Energy- Management-System; Peter Maloney, “Tesla collaborator SolarEdge rolls out inverter to work with Powerwall battery,” Utility Dive, 15 January 2016, http://www.utilitydive.com/news/ tesla-collaborator-solaredge-rolls-out-inverter-to-work-withpowerwall-batt/412182/. 165 Jason Deign, “Smart inverter market grows on rise of virtual power plants,” PV Insider, 9 November 2015, http://analysis. pv-insider.com/smart-inverter-market-grows-rise-virtual-powerplants; Tweed, op. cit. note 164; Katherine Tweed, “Solar firms join smart home vendors in the quest to be full-service energy providers,” Greentech Media, 31 March 2015, http://www. greentechmedia.com/articles/read/solar-firms-join-the-smarthome-in-quest-to-be-energy-providers. 166 Trina Solar was one of first module developers to introduce utilityscale modules that can operate at 1,500 volts (up from standard of 1,000 volts, from Font, op. cit. note 106; Charles W. Thurston, “Intersolar 2015 inverters on parade,” Renewable Energy World Magazine, September/October 2015, pp. 30–37. 167 Ian Clover, “Global adoption of Chinese inverters limiting revenue growth, IHS says,” PV Magazine, 1 December 2015, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/globaladoption-of-chinese-inverters-limiting-revenue-growth--ihssays_100022225/; Scott Moskowitz and M.J. Shiao, “The global PV inverter landscape 2015: technologies, markets and prices,” Greentech Media, 12 February 2015, http://www.greentechmedia. com/research/report/the-global-pv-inverter-landscape-2015. 168 Eric Wesoff, “Enphase microinverter course correction includes layoffs of 7% of staff,” Greentech Media, 5 November 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Enphase- Microinverter-Course-Correction-Includes-Layoffs-of-7-of-Staff; Eric Wesoff, “Enphase aims to reduce microinverter cost by 50% in 2 years,” Greentech Media, 18 November 2015, http://www. greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Enphase-Aims-to-Reduce- Microinverter-Cost-by-50-in-Two-Years; Ian Clover, “One-third of SMA staff to lose their jobs,” PV Magazine, 27 January 2015, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/ one-third-of-sma-staff-to-lose-their-jobs_100017938/. 169 Anke Baars, “Erfolgsgeschichte: Weltweit 1 Million Wechselrichter Sunny Boy TL verkauft,” SMA-Sunny, 13 July 2015, http:// www.sma-sunny.com/2015/07/13/erfolgsgeschichte-weltweit- 1-million-wechselrichter-sunny-boy-tl-verkauft/; “UPDATE 1-SMA Solar eyes first payout since 2012 on turnaround,” Reuters, 30 March 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/ sma-solar-results-idUSL5N1720FF. 170 Annual production capacity will be around 1 GW, equivalent to about 2,000 units, from “Saudi Arabia starts inverter production,” PV Insider, 12 October 2015, http://analysis.pv-insider.com/ pv-costs-close-coal-gas-om-cheapens-growing-fleets-newrooftop-panel-hits-efficiency-record. 171 Fraunhofer ISE and NREL, op. cit. note 91; a new record was achieved for efficiency of HCPV mini-modules, at 43.4%, from idem, p. 5; as of early 2015, CPV held records for module efficiency (36.7%) and cell efficiency (46%), and the efficiency of many commercially available modules exceeds 30%, from idem, p. 6; declining prices from J.E. Haysom et al., “Learning curve analysis of concentrated photovoltaic systems,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, in press (2014), cited in Fraunhofer ISE and NREL, op. cit. note 91, p. 7; difficulties competing with conventional solar PV on cost from idem, p. 9; 222
ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - SOLAR PV difficulties competing and economies of scale from Oscar de la Rubia, Institute for Concentration Photovoltaics Systems, Spain, cited in “CPV’s golden opportunity in the MENA region,” op. cit. note 102. 172 Jennifer Runyon, “Soitec to give up on solar CPV,” Renewable Energy World, 20 January 2015, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2015/01/soitec-togive-up-on-solar-cpv; Eric Wesoff, “The zero-billion-dollar CPV business claims another victim,” Greentech Media, 25 January 2015, https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/French- CPV-Hopeful-Soitec-Exits-the-Solar-Business; in addition to being a leader in CPV technology, Soitec was a key provider of dual-axis tracking systems, and the only non-US tracker supplier, from IHS, cited in “Global PV tracker market increased by more than 60 percent, reaching 4 GW in 2014,” Sonnenseite, 18 May 2015, http:// www.sonnenseite.com/en/economy/global-pv-tracker-marketincreased-by-more-than-60-percent-reaching-4-gw-in-2014.html. 173 Fraunhofer ISE and NREL, op. cit. note 91, pp. 9, 11; Giles Parkinson, “Silex shuts down Solar Systems dense array solar power business,” REnew Economy, 24 September 2016, http:// reneweconomy.com.au/2015/silex-shuts-down-solar-systemsdense-array-solar-power-business-14950. 174 Fraunhofer ISE and NREL, op. cit. note 91; “CPV’s golden opportunity in the MENA region,” op. cit. note 102; IHS, op. cit. note 93, pp. 5, 6. New products from, for example, Arzon Solar, “Arzon Solar introduces the 2.70 kW uModule, the highest power, highest efficiency PV module in the world,” press release (Seal Beach, CA: 19 February 2015), http:// www.arzonsolar.com/press-releases/, and from Conor Ryan, “Heliotrop and Magpower set to form CPV conglomerate,” PV-Tech, 29 January 2015, http://www.pv-tech.org/news/ heliotrop_and_magpower_set_to_form_cpv_conglomerate. 02 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 223
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Country of Spain, the first commerc
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7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
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Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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Sharp - in the storage market by in
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Page 185 and 186: Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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Page 247 and 248: ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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Page 253 and 254: ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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Page 257 and 258: ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
Page 259 and 260: ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
Page 261 and 262: ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
Page 263 and 264: NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
Page 265 and 266: GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
Page 267 and 268: GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
Page 269 and 270: GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
Page 271 and 272: PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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