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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - SOLAR PV www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/sunedison-looks-toreassure-investors-our-business-fundamentals-are-strong; Eric Wesoff, “SunEdison: A timeline of the biggest corporate implosion in US solar history,” Greentech Media, 7 March 2016, http://www. greentechmedia.com/articles/read/SunEdison-The-Biggest- Corporate-Implosion-in-US-Solar-History; Steven Davidoff Solomon, “The financial alchemy that’s choking SunEdison,” New York Times, corrected 17 March 2016, http://www.nytimes. com/2016/03/16/business/dealbook/the-financial-alchemythats-choking-sunedison.html?_r=1; Eric Wesoff, “Breaking: SunEdison just filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy,” Greentech Media, 21 April 2016, https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ SunEdison-Just-Filed-For-Chapter-11-Bankruptcy. 130 In addition to those in text, examples of mergers and acquisitions include: Solar Frontier (Japan), the second largest thin film module supplier, acquired the project pipeline of Gestamp Solar to enter the US market, from Eric Wesoff, “Solar Frontier acquires Gestamp’s 280MW US PV project pipeline,” Greentech Media, 10 March 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ Solar-Frontier-Acquires-Gestamps-280MW-US-PV-Project- Pipeline; SolarCity (US) acquired ISIOSS, a leading Mexican solar developer, to move into the Mexican market, from David Ferris, “SolarCity moves beyond US border with acquisition,” Environment & Energy News, 5 August 2015, http://www. eenews.net/energywire/2015/08/05/stories/1060023014, and from Christian Roselund, “SolarCity to slow growth and focus on cost reduction,” PV Magazine, 29 October 2015, http://www. pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/solarcity-to-slowgrowth-and-focus-on-cost-reduction_100021788/; Hanwha Solar Holdings merged Hanwha SolarOne and Hanwha Q Cells Investment Co. to form Hanwha Q Cells, from Ehren Goossens, “Hanwha to sell NextEra solar panels in record 1.5-gigawatt deal,” 20 April 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2015/04/hanwha-to-sell-nextera-solar-panels-inrecord-1-5-gigawatt-deal?cmpid=SolarNL-Tuesday-April21-2015; Eric Wesoff, “Canadian Solar finally acquires Recurrent Energy for $265 million in cash,” Greentech Media, 2 February 2015, https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Canadian- Solar-Finally-Acquires-Recurrent-Energy-for-265-Million-Cash; Jennifer Runyon, “Duke Energy takes equity stake in REC Solar, embraces distributed generation,” Renewable Energy World, 9 February 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2015/02/duke-energy-takes-equity-stake-in-recsolar-embraces-distributed-generation. Additional examples of partnerships from the following: Shubhankar Chakravorty, “SunPower, Apple to build solar projects in China,” Reuters, 17 April 2015, http://planetark.org/wen/73070; Andrew Burger, “US, China solar PV players team up, Invest $100M in Chile, Uruguay and Japan,” Renewable Energy World, 23 September 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/09/ us-china-solar-pv-players-team-up-invest-100mm-in-chileuruguay-and-japan.html; Doug Young, “New energy: solar finance entices, frustrates plant builders,” Young China Biz, 13 February 2015, http://www.youngchinabiz.com/en/ new-energy-solar-finance-entices-frustrates-plant-builders/. 131 Eric Wesoff, “Breaking: Shunfeng acquires majority stake in US solar manufacturer Suniva for $57 million,” Greentech Media, 12 August 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ Breaking-Shunfeng-Acquires-Majority-Stake-in-US-Solar- Manufacturer-Suniva; Liu Yuanyuan, “Developing trends in China’s solar PV industry for 2016,” Renewable Energy World, 10 March 2016, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ articles/2016/03/developing-trends-in-china-s-pv-industryfor-2016.html. 132 Doug Young, “Canadian Solar charges plant unit, Jumei looks homeward,” Renewable Energy World, 19 February 2016, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/blogs/2016/02/ canadian_solar_charg.html; Doug Young, “New energy: Solar Shift in new financing for Canadian Solar, Trina,” Young China Biz, 30 October 2015, http://www.youngchinabiz.com/en/ new-energy-solar-shift-in-new-financing-for-candian-solar-trina/. 133 The aim was to tap into high-demand regions with higher risk and thus higher cost of capital, from Stephen Lacey, “SunPower investing ‘significantly and aggressively’ to scale Cogenra’s novel solar production line,” Greentech Media, 24 November 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/SunPower- Integrates-Cogenras-Novel-Solar-Manufacturing-Technique. 134 Alex Nussbaum, “Chinese solar to jump fourfold by 2020, official tells Xinhua,” Renewable Energy World, 14 October 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/10/ chinese-solar-to-jump-fourfold-by-2020-official-tells-xinhua. 135 Cedric Brehaut, “Utility-scale PV O&M: a crowded vendor landscape,” Greentech Media, 2 December 2014, https:// www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/utility-scale-pv-oma-crowded-vendor-landscape; Ioannis-Thomas Theologitis, SolarPower Europe, personal communication with REN21, 17 April 2016. 136 Christian Roselund, “First Solar reaches 5 GW of solar assets under O&M contracts,” PV Magazine, 10 March 2016, http://www. pv-magazine.com/archive/articles/beitrag/first-solar-reaches-5- gw-of-solar-assets-under-om-contracts_100023642/; Brehaut, op. cit. note 135. 137 Theologitis, op. cit. note 135. 138 Warranty coverage from Glenna R. Wiseman, “Defining an industry: solar PV operations & maintenance versus asset management,” Renewable Energy World, 7 March 2014, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2014/03/definingan-industry-solar-pv-operations-maintenance-versus-assetmanagement.html; construction slows from Mike Munsell, “Global megawatt-scale PV O&M market to surpass 488 GW by 2020,” Greentech Media, 23 November 2015, https://www. greentechmedia.com/articles/read/global-megawatt-scale-pvom-market-to-surpass-390-gw-by-2020. 139 Figure of 130 GW from Theologitis, op. cit. 135, and from Greentech Media, cited in “O&M market to triple in next five years,” PV Insider, 9 December 2015, http://analysis.pv-insider. com/us-install-record-15-gw-2016-global-om-market-triple-2020. 140 Cedric Brehaut, “The growing split between solar operations and maintenance,” Greentech Media, 21 January 2016, http:// www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/The-Growing-Split- Between-Solar-Operations-and-Maintenance; the rate of occurrence differs by country, with the trend most obvious in Germany and the United States, from idem; Cedric Brehaut, “The fastest-growing vendor category in solar O&M: affiliated service providers,” Greentech Media, 2 December 2015, https:// www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/The-Fastest-Growing- Vendor-Category-in-Solar-OM-Affiliated-Service-Provid. 141 “SoftBank, Sharp team on plant installation, maintenance,” Nikkei Asian Review, 29 October 2015, http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/ Companies/SoftBank-Sharp-team-on-plant-installationmaintenance; Christopher Martin, “SolarCity offering rooftop solar power to DirecTV customers,” Renewable Energy World, 11 March 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2015/03/solarcity-offering-rooftop-solar-powerto-directv-customers; SolarCity’s partnership with Nest is “a sign that two major trends of the decade – distributed solar power and the connected home – are starting to combine in ways that make them greater than the sum of their parts,” from David Ferris, “SolarCity and Nest offer a glimpse of the future,” Environment & Energy News, 14 April 2015, http://www.eenews. net/energywire/2015/04/14/stories/1060016699; there are plans for major initiatives in Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, from “Sungevity leaves Australian solar market,” PV Insider, 6 August 2015, http://analysis.pv-insider.com/pv-nearsdisplacement-price-india-forecast-hiked-sungevity-exitsaustralia; Diarmaid Williams, “E.ON and Sungevity announce ‘Go Solar’ programme,” COSPP, 30 July 2015, http://www.cospp. com/articles/2015/07/e-on-and-sungevity-announce-go-solarprogramme.html. 142 Junko Movellan, “Post-FIT Japan: manufacturers promote PV systems with inverter-integrated energy storage systems,” Renewable Energy World, 19 March 2015, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2015/03/ post-fit-japan-manufacturers-promote-pv-systems-withinverter-integrated-energy-storage-systems; Meg Cichon, “Leasing option now available for Solar Plus flow battery energy storage systems,” Renewable Energy World, 26 February 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2015/02/leasing-option-now-available-for-solar-plusflow-battery-energy-storage-systems; Australian Renewable Energy Agency, “Residential rooftop solar with battery storage a step closer,” 17 March 2015, http://arena.gov.au/media/ residential-rooftop-solar-with-battery-storage-a-step-closer/. 143 Raj Prabhu, Mercom Capital Group, cited in Katherine Steiner-Dicks, “Yieldcos require pipeline growth to recover from oil, fiscal policy impact,” PV Insider, 220
ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - SOLAR PV 14 September 2015, http://analysis.pv-insider.com/ yieldcos-require-pipeline-growth-recover-oil-fiscal-policy-impact. 144 Other causes were concern about a possible US Federal Reserve interest rate increase and the fact that several renewable energy firms were in search of funds from public capital markets, from Varun Sivaram, Council on Foreign Relations, cited in Steiner- Dicks, op. cit. note 143; see also Saqib Rahim, “Much-loved investment tool for renewables is oil’s latest victim,” Environment & Energy News, 16 September 2015, http://www.eenews.net/ energywire/2015/09/16/stories/1060024729. SunEdison’s twin yieldcos suffered more than others because investors believed they were the cure for the company’s over-leveraged balance sheet, from Tom Konrad, “What yieldco managers are saying about the market meltdown,” Greentech Media, 27 November 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/ read/what-yieldco-managers-are-saying-about-the-marketmeltdown. Attracting investors in other ways based on, for example, Trina announced in September that it would form a “growthco” to sell shares to the public in its portfolio of power plants, increasing value by using cash flow to add power plants to its portfolio instead of paying dividends from their income, from Chris Martin, “SunEdison’s yieldco overreach stirs angst at solar companies,” Bloomberg, 17 September 2015, http:// www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-17/sunedison-syieldco-overreach-stirs-angst-among-solar-companies. Earlier in 2015, First Solar and SunPower Corp, the two largest US solar panel manufacturers, joined forces to create a yieldco to make money from the booming residential sector, but the yieldco differs in that investors receive payments from power generated by rooftop systems, from Justin Doom, “First Solar, SunPower joint venture will own rooftop systems,” Bloomberg, 10 March 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-10/ first-solar-sunpower-joint-venture-will-own-rooftop-systems. 145 Navigant Research, cited in “Global revenue from solar PV installations is expected to total more than $1.2 trillion from 2015 to 2024,” Sonnenseite, 25 January 2016, http://www.sonnenseite. com/en/economy/global-revenue-from-solar-pv-installationsis-expected-to-total-more-than-1.2-trillion-from-2015-to-2024. html; Feifei Shen, “United PV turns to crowdfunding after stocks in China plunge,” Renewable Energy World, 13 October 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/10/ united-pv-turns-to-crowdfunding-after-stocks-in-china-plunge; behind-the-meter PPAs from Christian Gertig, independent consultant, Schoeneiche, Germany, personal communication with REN21, 9 April 2016, and from, for example, Embark, “Selling your power and solar PPAs,” http://www.embark.com.au/display/ public/content/Selling+your+power+and+solar+PPAs, viewed 16 April 2016. Solar leasing continued to spread to more developed and developing countries, from, for example, Chandler, op. cit. note 65; Jennifer Runyon, “Off Grid Electric raises $25M to help power a ‘solar revolution’ in Africa,” Renewable Energy World, 22 October 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ articles/2015/10/off-grid-electric-raises-25m-to-help-powera-solar-revolution-in-africa. Many pay-as-you-go companies (including M-KOPA, Mobisol, BBOXX) are operating across Africa and elsewhere in the developing world; see Distributed Renewable Energy chapter for more information. 146 Nichola Groom, “SolarCity, BofA create tax equity fund for smaller investors,” Reuters, 29 May 2015, http://planetark.org/wen/73254; Ehren Goossens, “SunEdison, Goldman agree to form $1 billion Clean-Power Fund,” Bloomberg, 17 August 2015, http://www. bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-17/sunedison-goldmansachs-backed-funds-form-1-billion-facility. SunPower, SolarCity, Clean Power Finance, Sunrun, NRG, Sungevity, SunEdison, Kilowatt Financial, Sungage, Mosaic and Dividend Solar have all entered the solar loan business, from GTM Research, US Residential Solar Financing 2014–2018, cited in Eric Wesoff, “$200 million more flows to residential solar loans through Sungage and Mosaic,” Greentech Media, 20 October 2014, http://www. greentechmedia.com/articles/read/200-Million-More-Flows-to- Residential-Solar-Loans-Through-Sungage-and-Mosa; as have Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan and Google, from Jerry Farano, “Renewable energy and carbon markets,” Jones Day, Winter 2015, http://thewritestuff.jonesday.com/rv/ff001d57041f2d d7f995e69ae74e88e8cafe05fb/p%3D5728522. David Appleyard, “Domestic on-site solar fund backed by big Google investment,” COSPP, 2 March 2015, http://www.cospp.com/articles/2015/03/ domestic-on-site-solar-fund-backed-by-big-google-investment. html; Christopher Martin, “Google invests $300 million in SolarCity rooftop solar installations,” Renewable Energy World, 26 February 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ news/2015/02/google-invests-300-million-in-solarcity-rooftopsolar-installations.html. 147 For example: Wunder Capital website, https://www. wundercapital.com/, viewed 24 March 2015; Power Clouds (Singapore), launched in 2013, enables citizens from around the world to collectively build solar PV power plants, from Power Clouds website, http://www.powerclouds.com/, viewed 24 March 2015. 148 CrossBoundary Energy, “CrossBoundary Energy formally announces raise of $8M in equity to bring solar power to African businesses,” press release (New York/Washington, DC/Nairobi: 7 December 2015), http://www.crossboundaryenergy.com/ news/2015/12/7/crossboundary-formally-announces-raise-of- 8m-in-equity-to-bring-solar-power-to-african-businesses. 149 See, for example, “Mirrors, pods, printed panels: solar innovation heats up,” Greenbiz, 8 July 2015, https://www.greenbiz.com/ article/mirrors-pods-printed-panels-solar-innovation-heats; Natcore Technology, “Natcore Technology develops solar cell that eliminates use of silver,” press release (Rochester, NY: 18 August 2015), http://www.natcoresolar.com/news/natcore-technologydevelops-solar-cell-that-eliminates-use-of-silver/. 150 25x’25, “Companies vie over claims to world’s ‘most efficient’ rooftop solar panel,” Weekly REsource, 9 October 2015, http://www.25x25.org/index.php?option=com_ content&task=view&id=1314&Itemid=246; Steve Hanley, “Panasonic quickly beats SolarCity’s solar module efficiency record,” CleanTechnica, 9 October 2015, http://cleantechnica. com/2015/10/09/panasonic-quickly-beats-solarcitys-solarmodule-efficiency-record/; Fraunhofer ISE, “20% efficient solar cell on EpiWafer,” press release (Freiburg: 14 September 2015), https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/press-and-media/pdfs-zupresseinfos-englisch/-nivc-2015/press-release-20-efficientsolar-cell-on-epiwafer.pdf; Suntech, “Suntech solar cell efficiency climbs to a new high,” press release (Wuxi: 9 July 2015), http:// www.suntech-power.com/news/news153.html; First Solar, “First Solar achieves world record 18.6% thin film module conversion efficiency,” press release (Tempe, AZ: 15 June 2015), http:// investor.firstsolar.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=917926; TSMC Solar, “TSMC Solar commercial-size modules (1.09m 2 ) set CIGS 16.5% efficiency record,” press release (Taichung, Taipei, China: 28 April 2015), http://www.tsmc-solar.com/ Assets/downloads/en-US/TSMC_Solar_Press_Release_EN_ April_28_2015.pdf; “PV cheapest energy source in Chile; China hits new cell performance record,” PV Insider, 23 November 2015, http://analysis.pv-insider.com/pv-cheapest-energy-source-chilechina-hits-new-cell-performance-record; Solar Frontier, “Solar Frontier achieves world record thin-film solar cell efficiency: 22.3%,” press release (Tokyo: 8 December 2015), http://www. solar-frontier.com/eng/news/2015/C051171.html; Communication EEMCS, “The ‘marriage’ of two cheap photovoltaic technologies delivers record-efficiency hybrid thin-film solar cells,” TU Delft, 12 February 2016, http://www.ewi.tudelft.nl/en/current/latest-news/ article/detail/huwelijk-van-twee-goedkope-fotovoltaischetechnologieen-resulteert-in-hybride-dunne-film-zon/. 151 Perovskites achieved 18% efficiency in the lab in late 2015, but they still need to overcome problems of lead content and long-term stability (such as durability and sensitivity to water), from “Monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell achieves record efficiency,” Helmholtz, 28 October 2015, https://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/pubbin/news_ seite?nid=14342&sprache=en&typoid=49880, from Jonathan Gifford, “Perovskite flaws revealed, points to major efficiency upside,” PV Magazine, 11 May 2015, http://www.pv-magazine. com/news/details/archive/2015/may/beitrag/perovskite-flawsrevealed--points-to-major-efficiency-upside_100019416/#axzz 3aeSBzTY1, and from “Research improves efficiency from larger perovskite solar cells,” Sonnenseite, 19 October 2015, http://www. sonnenseite.com/en/science/research-improves-efficiency-fromlarger-perovskite-solar-cells.html. 152 See, for example, Meyer Burger, “MB PERC,” http://www. meyerburger.com/en/products-systems/technologies/ photovoltaics/mb-perc/, viewed 30 March 2015; Giles Parkinson, “PERC solar cell could usher in dramatic drop in cost of solar,” CleanTechnica, 9 July 2015, http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/09/ perc-solar-cell-could-usher-in-dramatic-drop-in-cost-of-solar/; Mark Osborne, “SNEC 2015: Zhongli Talesun’s PERC cell ‘Hipro’ 02 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 221
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Country of Spain, the first commerc
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7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
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Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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Sharp - in the storage market by in
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Page 247 and 248: ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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Page 257 and 258: ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
Page 259 and 260: ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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Page 263 and 264: NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
Page 265 and 266: GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
Page 267 and 268: GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
Page 269 and 270: GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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