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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - SOLAR PV
Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland, Daten zur Entwicklung im
Jahr 2015 (Berlin: February 2015), p. 4, http://www.erneuerbareenergien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/erneuerbareenergien-in-zahlen-2015.pdf,
and added 1,453 MW for a year-end
total of 39,702.9 MW, from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, and from
Masson, op. cit. note 2. France added an estimated 879 MW for a
total of 6.58 GW, from idem, p. 18. Share of total EU installations
based on data from Becquerel Institute, April 2016, and IEA PVPS,
op. cit. note 1. One-third of France’s capacity additions were in
one 300 MW plant, from SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 2, p. 11.
55 The Netherlands added an estimated 450 MW for a total of 1.57
GW, and Italy added 300 MW for a total of 18.92 GW, from IEA
PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 9; Italian market down dramatically (most
developers have left Italy for markets overseas) from Masson,
op. cit. note 2; the Netherlands added about 400 MW in 2015,
and additions there as well as in Denmark (about 180 MW) were
driven mainly by net metering, from SolarPower Europe, op. cit.
note 2, p. 12.
56 In 2008, Spain added 2.6 GW of capacity, which represented half
of global installations that year, from REN21, Renewables Global
Status Report 2009 Update (Paris: 2009); added about 56 MW
in 2015 for a total of 5.44 GW, from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1; and
added 49 MW in 2015, up from 22 MW in 2014, from SolarPower
Europe, op. cit. note 2, p. 11; situation in 2015 from SolarPower
Europe, op. cit. note 1; SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 2, p. 19;
Ilias Tsagas, “Spain approves ‘sun tax,’ discriminates against solar
PV,” Renewable Energy World, 23 October 2015, http://www.
renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/10/spain-approvessun-tax-discriminates-against-solar-pv;
Blanca Diaz Lopez,
“Spain’s supreme tribunal rules against PV system owners,”
PV Magazine, 22 January 2016, http://www.pv-magazine.com/
news/details/beitrag/spains-supreme-tribunal-rules-agains-pvsystem-owners_100022919/.
Spain added 56 MW for a total of
5.44 GW, from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 18; Spain had 4,667
MW of capacity at end-2015, based on preliminary data from RED
Eléctrica de España (REE), El Sistema Eléctrico Español: Avance
2015 (Madrid: 2016), p. 4, http://www.ree.es/sites/default/files/
downloadable/avance_informe_sistema_electrico_2015_v2.pdf.
57 Subsidy expiration and FIT cuts from Jonathan Gifford,
“UK: Solar outshines hydro, drives down coal in 2015,” PV
Magazine, 7 January 2016, http://www.pv-magazine.com/
news/details/beitrag/uk--solar-outshines-hydro--drives-downcoal-in-2015_100022703/,
and from Chris Roselund, “2015:
The year in solar,” PV Magazine, 5 January 2016, http://www.
pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/2015--the-year-insolar_100022618/.
The UK had about 9.1 GW at year-end, per
Masson, op. cit. note 2, and the country had 8,915 MW, according
to preliminary estimates from UK DECC, op. cit. note 54.
58 Gifford, op. cit. note 57.
59 Reduction relative to 2014 based on 1.9 GW added in 2014, from
BMWi, Marktanalyse Photovoltaik-Dachlagen (Berlin: 2015),
http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/
Downloads/bmwi_de/marktanalysen-photovoltaik-photovoltaik.
pdf. Germany added 1.89 GW in 2014 (compared with 3.14 GW in
2014 and 7.27 GW in 2012) for a total of 38.23 GW, from German
Federal Network Agency, cited in “Germany added only 1.89
GW of PV capacity in 2014,” Photon, 3 February 2015, http://
www.photon.info/en/news/germany-added-only-189-gw-pvcapacity-2014;
Germany added 1.9 GW for a total of 38.2 GW at
the end of 2014, from Bundesverband Solar Wirtschaft e.V. (BSW-
Solar), “Statistische Zahlen der deutschen Solarstrombranche
(Photovoltaik),” March 2015, https://www.solarwirtschaft.
de/fileadmin/media/pdf/2015_4_BSW_Solar_Faktenblatt_
Photovoltaik.pdf. Official target (EEG corridor) of 2.4–2.6 GW, from
BMWi, op. cit. note 54, p. 4.
60 Germany’s year-end capacity totalled 39,698 MW (1,355 MW
added in 2015), preliminary data from BMWi, op. cit. note 54;
Germany’s cumulative capacity was 39,703.9 MW, from IEA
PVPS, op. cit. note 1.
61 SolarPower Europe, “2015: A positive year for solar,” op. cit. note
1. Self-consumption is becoming the primary driver for distributed
PV, from Schmela, op. cit. note 52. However, self-consumption
policies are very complicated, particularly in France, Germany
and Spain, and thus not supporting solar PV deployment, from
Masson, op. cit. note 2. The list of countries constraining selfconsumption
in some way is long (e.g., Austria, Belgium, France,
Germany, Spain), from SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 2, pp.
17–18.
62 Alexandre Roesch, SolarPower Europe, personal communication
with REN21, 17 March 2016.
63 Market design from Ibid.; business models from Masson,
op. cit. note 2. See also Giles Parkinson, “Graph of the
day: solar reaches 9.1% of demand in France,” REnew
Economy, 14 April 2015, http://reneweconomy.com.au/2015/
graph-of-the-day-solar-reaches-9-1-of-demand-in-france-87521.
64 Australia added 935 MW for a total of 5,065 MW, from IEA PVPS,
op. cit. note 1, p. 18; one panel per inhabitant from “Australian
solar industry celebrates the new year by ticking over 1.5m PV
systems and one solar panel per person,” SunWiz, 3 January 206,
http://www.sunwiz.com.au/index.php/2012-06-26-00-47-40/73-
newsletter/384-australian-solar-industry-celebrates-the-newyear-by-ticking-over-1-5m-pv-systems.html.
65 Residential from Jonathan Pearlman, “Australia taking solar
power to the next level,” Straits Times, 31 January 2016, http://
www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/australia-taking-solarpower-to-the-next-level;
Jo Chandler, “Despite hurdles, solar
power in Australia is too robust to kill,” Yale Environment 360, 11
June 2015, http://e360.yale.edu/feature/despite_hurdles_solar_
power_in_australia_is_too_robust_to_kill/2884/; Jonathan
Gifford, “Australia leads world in residential solar penetration,” PV
Magazine, 29 September 2015, http://www.pv-magazine.com/
news/details/beitrag/australia-leads-world-in-residential-solarpenetration_100021291/.
About 1.5 million households had rooftop
solar PV, with the highest share (nearly 30%) in Queensland,
from Pearlman, op. cit. this note; commercial and large-scale
from Chandler, op. cit. this note; SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note
2, p. 21. Two large-scale plants opened in New South Wales in
early 2016, from Pearlman, op. cit. this note. Residential solar PV
actually contracted some in 2015, whereas small- and mediumscale
commercial as well as industrial- and utility-scale increased
significantly, from “Australian solar industry celebrates the new
year…,” op. cit. this note.
66 Based on Melbourne Energy Institute and Royal Melbourne
Institute of Technology, Five Years of Declining Annual
Consumption of Grid-Supplied Electricity in Eastern Australia:
Causes and Consequences, cited in Giles Parkinson, “Graph of the
day: how solar PV slashed electricity demand,” REnew Economy,
4 September 2015, http://reneweconomy.com.au/2015/graph-ofthe-day-how-solar-pv-slashed-electricity-demand.
See also Giles
Parkinson, “Solar makes its mark on unsuspecting global energy
markets,” REnew Economy, 31 March 2015, http://reneweconomy.
com.au/2015/solar-makes-its-mark-on-unsuspecting-globalenergy-markets,
and Ian Clover, “Half of all Australian households
could adopt solar by 2018, finds the Climate Council,” PV
Magazine, 22 October 2015, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/
details/beitrag/half-of-all-australian-households-could-adoptsolar-by-2018--finds-the-climate-council_100021644/.
67 Chandler, op. cit. note 65.
68 IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 3, pp. 11, 30.
69 Estimate of 1.1–1.2 GW added for a year-end total of 1.9–2 GW
across the region, from Masson, op. cit. note 2.
70 Chile added 446 MW (DC) for a total of 848 MW, from IEA PVPS,
op. cit. note 1; Chile added 316 MW (AC) in 2015 for a total of 536
MW (AC) in operation at year’s end, but including projects in
the test phase, total capacity was 848 MW at end-2015, up from
402 MW (AC) at the beginning of the year, with 2,195 MW (AC)
under construction by end-2015, from Chile National Center for
Innovation and Promotion of Sustainable Energy (CIFES), Ministry
of Energy, http://cifes.gob.cl/documentos/home-destacado/
reporte-cifes-enero-2016/, cited in Blanca Diaz Lopez and
Christian Roselund, “Chile: 316 MW–AC of solar PV came online
in 2015,” PV Magazine, 20 January 2016, http://www.pv-magazine.
com/news/details/beitrag/chile--316-mw-ac-of-solar-pvcame-online-in-2015_100022880/;
316 MW of commercial
capacity added in 2015 for a year-end total of 848 MW, from
CIFES, Reporte CIFES—Energías Renovables en el Mercado
Eléctrico Chileno (Santiago: January 2016), p. 2, http://cifes.gob.
cl/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Reporte_CIFES_Enero_v3.pdf.
Rapid growth was due mainly to very large-scale projects, driven
by Chile’s renewable energy law and very high spot market prices
thanks to the country’s mining industry, from Movellan, op. cit.
note 13.
71 Deutsche Bank, cited in Becky Beetz, “Chile: Solar
cheaper than fossil fuels,” PV Magazine, 5 November 2015,
http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/
chile--solar-cheaper-than-fossil-fuels_100021869/.
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