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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - SOLAR PV SOLAR PV 1 International Energy Agency (IEA) Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (PVPS), Snapshot of Global Photovoltaic Markets 2015 (Paris: April 2016), http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/ dam/public/report/statistics/IEA-PVPS_-__A_Snapshot_of_ Global_PV_-_1992-2015_-_Final.pdf; SolarPower Europe, “2015: A positive year for solar,” press release (Brussels: 3 March 2016), http://www.solarpowereurope.org/media/press-releases/. In 2014, 40 GW was added for a cumulative capacity of 178 GW, from SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power: 2015–2019 (Brussels: 2015). 2 Global additions of 50 GW and total of 227.1 GW, from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1; estimated 50.1 GW added and total of close to 230 GW, from SolarPower Europe, Solar Market Report & Membership Directory 2016 Edition (Brussels: April 2016). Number of panels based on average of 270 W per panel, from Gaëtan Masson, Becquerel Institute and IEA PVPS, personal communications with REN21, March–May 2016. Other sources reported higher additions due to differences in methodology – some data providers count all installations, or shipments, whereas IEA PVPS and SolarPower Europe count grid-connected/operating capacity. For example: 59 GW was added (provisional figure), from GTM Research, cited in Tom Kenning, “Solar installations hit 59 GW in 2015, 64 GW to come in 2016 – GTM,” PV-Tech, 22 January 2016, http://www.pv-tech.org/news/global-solar-installationshit-59gw-in-2015-gtm. Figure of 56 GW added from Frankfurt School–United Nations Environment Programme Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy and Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2016 (Frankfurt: 2016), http://fs-unep-centre.org/ publications/global-trends-renewable-energy-investment-2016. Note that some countries report data officially in alternating current (AC) (e.g., Canada, Japan and Spain); these data were converted to direct current (DC) for consistency across countries. This report attempts to report all solar PV data in DC units. 3 Based on cumulative world capacity of 5.1 GW at the end of 2005, from European PV Industry Association (EPIA), Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014–2018 (Brussels: 2014), p. 17, http://solarpowereurope.org/insights/global-market-outlook/. Figure 14 from the following sources: IEA PVPS, Trends 2015 in Photovoltaic Applications: Survey Report of Selected IEA Countries between 1992 and 2014 (Paris: 2015), p. 60, http:// www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/national/IEA- PVPS_-_Trends_2015_-_MedRes.pdf; EPIA, op. cit. this note; Becquerel Institute, personal communication with REN21, 7 May 2015; IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1. 4 Masson, op. cit. note 2; SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power: 2015–2019, op. cit. note 1. 5 PV Market Alliance website, http://pvmarketalliance.biz/, viewed 18 January 2016; Masson, op. cit. note 2. 6 IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1. 7 Masson, op. cit. note 2; SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power: 2015–2019, op. cit. note 1; Gregory F. Nemet et al., Characteristics of Low-Priced Solar Photovoltaic Systems in the United States (Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, January 2016), p. 1, https://emp.lbl.gov/ sites/all/files/lbnl-1004062.pdf; Apricum PV Market Model Q3 2015, cited in James Kurz, “Global PV’s five year outlook: from strength to strength,” Apricum Group, 3 August 2015, http:// www.apricum-group.com/global-pvs-five-year-outlook-goingfrom-strength-to-strength/. In many markets, including in Africa, Asia and Latin America, solar PV is viewed as a way to meet renewable energy and climate mitigation targets quickly and cost-effectively, from Mohit Anand, GTM Research, cited in Mike Munsell, “GTM Research: Global solar PV installations grew 34% in 2015,” Sonnenseite, 23 January 2016, http://www.sonnenseite. com/en/energy/gtm-research-global-solar-pv-installations-grew- 34-in-2015.html. 8 Third consecutive year from Masson, op. cit. note 2. Share of global additions based on data from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, from Becquerel Institute, April 2016, and from country-specific sources cited in this section. 9 Figure 15 based on IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 3, p. 60, on countryspecific data and on sources provided throughout this section. 10 Rankings based on data from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, on Becquerel Institute, April 2016, and on data and sources elsewhere in this section. 11 Masson, op. cit. note 2; IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1; Becquerel Institute, April 2016. There were 21 countries with 1 GW or more in 2014, from IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2014 (Brussels: 2015), http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=trends0. 12 Ranking based on the following: at the end of 2015, Germany had over 490 W per person, followed by Italy (308 W), Belgium (nearly 290 W), Japan (270 W) and Greece (nearly 238 W), based on solar PV data from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, on Becquerel Institute, April 2016, and on population data for 2014 from World Bank, “Population, total,” World Development Indicators, http:// data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL, updated 17 February 2016. Note that, as of mid-2015, Liechtenstein was determined to be the world leader in per capita installations, but year-end 2015 data were not available for the country as of time of publishing. Top ranking for Liechtenstein based on 480 W per capita, from SolarSuperState Association, “SolarSuperState Ranking 2015: Liechtenstein leads the world in terms of installed PV capacity per capita,” SolarServer, 30 June 2015, http://www.solarserver. com/solar-magazine/solar-news/archive-2015/2015/kw27/ solarsuperstate-ranking-2015-liechtenstein-leads-the-world-interms-of-installed-pv-capacity-per-capita.html. 13 Increase generation and prop up domestic industry from Charlie Zhu and Adam Rose, “China solar expansion needs billions from wary investors,” Reuters, 30 April 2015, http://planetark.org/ wen/73147; pollution problems from Raj Prabhu, Mercom Capital Group, cited in Junko Movellan, “The 2016 global PV outlook: US and Asian markets strengthened by policies to reduce CO2,” Renewable Energy World Magazine, January/February 2016, pp. 34–40, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/01/ the-2016-global-pv-outlook-u-s-and-asian-marketsstrengthened-by-policies-to-reduce-co2.html. 14 Based on the following: China added 15.13 GW for a total of 43.18 GW, from China National Energy Board, cited in China Electricity Council, “2015 PV-related statistics,” 6 February 2016, http:// www.cec.org.cn/yaowenkuaidi/2016-02-05/148942.html (using Google Translate); added 15.15 GW for a total of 43.53 GW, from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 18, and from Masson, op. cit. note 2; added 15.1 GW, but the official number includes several gigawatts that were installed in 2014 but commissioned in early 2015, from SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 2, p. 20; added more than 16 GW in 2015, per BNEF, provided by Nico Tyabji, BNEF, personal communication with REN21, 9 April 2016. Figure 16 based on country-specific data and on sources provided throughout this section. 15 Xinjiang added 2.1 GW, Inner Mongolia 1.87 GW and Jiangsu 1.65 GW, from China National Energy Board, op. cit. note 14. 16 These included Jiangsu (4.22 GW total), Hebei (2.39 GW), Zhejiang (1.64 GW), Shandong (1.33 GW), Anhui (1.21 GW) and Shanxi (1.13 GW), from Ibid. 17 Ibid. 18 Figure of 7 GW in 2012 from REN21, Renewables 2013 Global Status Report (Paris: 2013), and from Gaëtan Masson, EPIA and IEA PVPS, personal communications with REN21, February–May 2013; grid congestion and delays from Julia Pyper, “Apple tackles supply-chain emissions with 2 GW clean energy initiative in China,” Greentech Media, 22 October 2015, http://www. greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Apple-Tackles-Supply-Chain- Emissions-with-2GW-Clean-Energy-Initiative-in-Ch, and from Movellan, op. cit. note 13. 19 Gansu and Xingjiang from China National Energy Board, op. cit. note 14; national average from Chinese National Academy of Sciences, provided by Masson, op. cit. note 2. 20 Kathy Chen and Chen Aizhu, “China raises solar installation target for 2015,” Reuters, 9 October 2015, http://planetark.org/ wen/73748. 21 Kathy Chen and Dominique Patton, “China steps up efforts to tackle curtailment of renewable energy,” Reuters, 21 October 2015, http://planetark.org/wen/73791. 22 Data for 2015 from China National Energy Board, op. cit. note 14; figure of 57% based on generation of 25 billion kWh in 2014, from China National Energy Administration (CNEA), “2014 PV industry development,” 15 February 2015, http://www.nea.gov. cn/2015-02/15/c_133997454.htm (using Google Translate). This was enough to account for nearly 0.7% of China’s electricity generation in 2015, based on wind-generated electricity (186.3 212
ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - SOLAR PV TWh) accounting for 3.3% of total generation, from China National Energy Board, cited by CNEA, “2015 wind power industry development,” 2 February 2016, www.nea.gov.cn/2016- 02/02/c_135066586.htm (using Google Translate). 23 Japan added 11 GW for a total of 34.41 GW, from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1. Japan added 10 GW in 2015, up from 9.7 GW in 2014, from SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 2, p. 20. Note that Japan officially reports data in AC; these sources have converted those data to DC for consistency across countries. Japan added 9,940 MW for a total of 30,300 MW, from Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), “Announcement regarding the present status of introduction of facilities generating renewable energy as of October 30, 2015” (Tokyo: February 2016). Capacity at end of 2015 is estimated from monthly installation capacity, provided by Hironao Matsubara, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (ISEP), Tokyo, personal communication with REN21, February 2016. 24 Residential capacity (systems
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Country of Spain, the first commerc
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7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
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Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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Sharp - in the storage market by in
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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