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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - SOLAR PV
SOLAR PV
1 International Energy Agency (IEA) Photovoltaic Power Systems
Programme (PVPS), Snapshot of Global Photovoltaic Markets
2015 (Paris: April 2016), http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/
dam/public/report/statistics/IEA-PVPS_-__A_Snapshot_of_
Global_PV_-_1992-2015_-_Final.pdf; SolarPower Europe, “2015:
A positive year for solar,” press release (Brussels: 3 March 2016),
http://www.solarpowereurope.org/media/press-releases/. In
2014, 40 GW was added for a cumulative capacity of 178 GW,
from SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power:
2015–2019 (Brussels: 2015).
2 Global additions of 50 GW and total of 227.1 GW, from IEA PVPS,
op. cit. note 1; estimated 50.1 GW added and total of close to 230
GW, from SolarPower Europe, Solar Market Report & Membership
Directory 2016 Edition (Brussels: April 2016). Number of panels
based on average of 270 W per panel, from Gaëtan Masson,
Becquerel Institute and IEA PVPS, personal communications
with REN21, March–May 2016. Other sources reported higher
additions due to differences in methodology – some data
providers count all installations, or shipments, whereas IEA PVPS
and SolarPower Europe count grid-connected/operating capacity.
For example: 59 GW was added (provisional figure), from GTM
Research, cited in Tom Kenning, “Solar installations hit 59 GW
in 2015, 64 GW to come in 2016 – GTM,” PV-Tech, 22 January
2016, http://www.pv-tech.org/news/global-solar-installationshit-59gw-in-2015-gtm.
Figure of 56 GW added from Frankfurt
School–United Nations Environment Programme Collaborating
Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy and Bloomberg New
Energy Finance (BNEF), Global Trends in Renewable Energy
Investment 2016 (Frankfurt: 2016), http://fs-unep-centre.org/
publications/global-trends-renewable-energy-investment-2016.
Note that some countries report data officially in alternating
current (AC) (e.g., Canada, Japan and Spain); these data were
converted to direct current (DC) for consistency across countries.
This report attempts to report all solar PV data in DC units.
3 Based on cumulative world capacity of 5.1 GW at the end of
2005, from European PV Industry Association (EPIA), Global
Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014–2018 (Brussels: 2014), p. 17,
http://solarpowereurope.org/insights/global-market-outlook/.
Figure 14 from the following sources: IEA PVPS, Trends 2015
in Photovoltaic Applications: Survey Report of Selected IEA
Countries between 1992 and 2014 (Paris: 2015), p. 60, http://
www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/national/IEA-
PVPS_-_Trends_2015_-_MedRes.pdf; EPIA, op. cit. this note;
Becquerel Institute, personal communication with REN21, 7 May
2015; IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1.
4 Masson, op. cit. note 2; SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook
for Solar Power: 2015–2019, op. cit. note 1.
5 PV Market Alliance website, http://pvmarketalliance.biz/, viewed
18 January 2016; Masson, op. cit. note 2.
6 IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1.
7 Masson, op. cit. note 2; SolarPower Europe, Global Market
Outlook for Solar Power: 2015–2019, op. cit. note 1; Gregory F.
Nemet et al., Characteristics of Low-Priced Solar Photovoltaic
Systems in the United States (Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, January 2016), p. 1, https://emp.lbl.gov/
sites/all/files/lbnl-1004062.pdf; Apricum PV Market Model Q3
2015, cited in James Kurz, “Global PV’s five year outlook: from
strength to strength,” Apricum Group, 3 August 2015, http://
www.apricum-group.com/global-pvs-five-year-outlook-goingfrom-strength-to-strength/.
In many markets, including in Africa,
Asia and Latin America, solar PV is viewed as a way to meet
renewable energy and climate mitigation targets quickly and
cost-effectively, from Mohit Anand, GTM Research, cited in Mike
Munsell, “GTM Research: Global solar PV installations grew 34%
in 2015,” Sonnenseite, 23 January 2016, http://www.sonnenseite.
com/en/energy/gtm-research-global-solar-pv-installations-grew-
34-in-2015.html.
8 Third consecutive year from Masson, op. cit. note 2. Share of
global additions based on data from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1,
from Becquerel Institute, April 2016, and from country-specific
sources cited in this section.
9 Figure 15 based on IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 3, p. 60, on countryspecific
data and on sources provided throughout this section.
10 Rankings based on data from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, on
Becquerel Institute, April 2016, and on data and sources
elsewhere in this section.
11 Masson, op. cit. note 2; IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1; Becquerel
Institute, April 2016. There were 21 countries with 1 GW or more
in 2014, from IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2014
(Brussels: 2015), http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=trends0.
12 Ranking based on the following: at the end of 2015, Germany
had over 490 W per person, followed by Italy (308 W), Belgium
(nearly 290 W), Japan (270 W) and Greece (nearly 238 W), based
on solar PV data from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, on Becquerel
Institute, April 2016, and on population data for 2014 from World
Bank, “Population, total,” World Development Indicators, http://
data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL, updated 17 February
2016. Note that, as of mid-2015, Liechtenstein was determined to
be the world leader in per capita installations, but year-end 2015
data were not available for the country as of time of publishing.
Top ranking for Liechtenstein based on 480 W per capita, from
SolarSuperState Association, “SolarSuperState Ranking 2015:
Liechtenstein leads the world in terms of installed PV capacity
per capita,” SolarServer, 30 June 2015, http://www.solarserver.
com/solar-magazine/solar-news/archive-2015/2015/kw27/
solarsuperstate-ranking-2015-liechtenstein-leads-the-world-interms-of-installed-pv-capacity-per-capita.html.
13 Increase generation and prop up domestic industry from Charlie
Zhu and Adam Rose, “China solar expansion needs billions from
wary investors,” Reuters, 30 April 2015, http://planetark.org/
wen/73147; pollution problems from Raj Prabhu, Mercom Capital
Group, cited in Junko Movellan, “The 2016 global PV outlook:
US and Asian markets strengthened by policies to reduce CO2,”
Renewable Energy World Magazine, January/February 2016, pp.
34–40, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/01/
the-2016-global-pv-outlook-u-s-and-asian-marketsstrengthened-by-policies-to-reduce-co2.html.
14 Based on the following: China added 15.13 GW for a total of 43.18
GW, from China National Energy Board, cited in China Electricity
Council, “2015 PV-related statistics,” 6 February 2016, http://
www.cec.org.cn/yaowenkuaidi/2016-02-05/148942.html (using
Google Translate); added 15.15 GW for a total of 43.53 GW, from
IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 18, and from Masson, op. cit. note 2;
added 15.1 GW, but the official number includes several gigawatts
that were installed in 2014 but commissioned in early 2015, from
SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 2, p. 20; added more than 16
GW in 2015, per BNEF, provided by Nico Tyabji, BNEF, personal
communication with REN21, 9 April 2016. Figure 16 based on
country-specific data and on sources provided throughout this
section.
15 Xinjiang added 2.1 GW, Inner Mongolia 1.87 GW and Jiangsu 1.65
GW, from China National Energy Board, op. cit. note 14.
16 These included Jiangsu (4.22 GW total), Hebei (2.39 GW),
Zhejiang (1.64 GW), Shandong (1.33 GW), Anhui (1.21 GW) and
Shanxi (1.13 GW), from Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Figure of 7 GW in 2012 from REN21, Renewables 2013 Global
Status Report (Paris: 2013), and from Gaëtan Masson, EPIA and
IEA PVPS, personal communications with REN21, February–May
2013; grid congestion and delays from Julia Pyper, “Apple tackles
supply-chain emissions with 2 GW clean energy initiative
in China,” Greentech Media, 22 October 2015, http://www.
greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Apple-Tackles-Supply-Chain-
Emissions-with-2GW-Clean-Energy-Initiative-in-Ch, and from
Movellan, op. cit. note 13.
19 Gansu and Xingjiang from China National Energy Board, op. cit.
note 14; national average from Chinese National Academy of
Sciences, provided by Masson, op. cit. note 2.
20 Kathy Chen and Chen Aizhu, “China raises solar installation
target for 2015,” Reuters, 9 October 2015, http://planetark.org/
wen/73748.
21 Kathy Chen and Dominique Patton, “China steps up efforts to
tackle curtailment of renewable energy,” Reuters, 21 October 2015,
http://planetark.org/wen/73791.
22 Data for 2015 from China National Energy Board, op. cit. note
14; figure of 57% based on generation of 25 billion kWh in 2014,
from China National Energy Administration (CNEA), “2014 PV
industry development,” 15 February 2015, http://www.nea.gov.
cn/2015-02/15/c_133997454.htm (using Google Translate). This
was enough to account for nearly 0.7% of China’s electricity
generation in 2015, based on wind-generated electricity (186.3
212