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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY POLICY LANDSCAPE The vast majority of countries worldwide had renewable energy support policies in place by the end of 2015. These policies received increased interest during the year, due in large part to the global effort to mitigate global climate change during COP21 in Paris. The total number of countries with renewable energy policies increased again in 2015. As of year-end 2015, at least 173 countries had renewable energy targets (not considering INDCs), and an estimated 146 countries had renewable energy support policies, at the national or state/provincial level. Several jurisdictions raised the ambition of their targets and strengthened their policies, although many weakened their support for renewables. POLICIES FOR ELECTRICITY Electricity continues to dominate policy makers' focus Policy makers continued to focus predominantly on renewable power generation technologies, particularly solar PV and wind power. As of year-end 2015, 110 jurisdictions at the national or state/provincial level had enacted feed-in policies, making this the most widely adopted regulatory mechanism to promote renewable power. Tendering has gained significant momentum in recent years and is preferred to feed-in policies in a growing number of countries. By the end of 2015, at least 64 countries had held renewable energy tenders, with record bids in terms of both low price and high volume seen across the world’s developing and emerging countries. European countries also are transitioning to tendering, reflecting the shift in EU policy. In addition, 52 countries had adopted net metering / net billing policies, including four new policies adopted at the national level and five added at the state/provincial level. Fiscal policies, including grants, loans and tax incentives, continued to be important tools for promoting the deployment of new projects and the advanced development of renewable energy technologies. Many countries use a combination of these policies to advance renewables in the power sector. POLICIES FOR HEATING AND COOLING Policy support remains well below other sectors The slow pace of adoption of policies to support renewable heating and cooling technologies continued throughout 2015. Policies that have been adopted are directed mainly towards renewable heating technologies rather than renewable cooling, and they focus primarily on smaller-scale solar thermal heating options in residential and commercial buildings, such as solar water heaters. An estimated 47 countries worldwide had targets for renewable heating or cooling in place by the end of 2015. Renewable heating targets were included in the INDCs submitted to the UNFCCC by Bosnia and Herzegovina, Jordan and Malawi. At least 21 countries had mandates for renewable heating and cooling technologies during the year, and no new ones were added at the national or state/provincial level. Due to the slow progress in adopting regulatory support, fiscal incentives remain the primary mechanism that policy makers use to support the renewable heating and cooling sectors. RENEWABLE ENERGY TRANSPORT POLICIES Slow development and shifting support to secondgeneration biofuels Nearly all policies adopted in the renewable transport sector in 2015, as in past years, were directed at road transport through support for biofuels production and use. Policies to promote the integration of renewable energy and electric vehicles, as well as the use of renewables in aviation, rail or shipping, have been slow to develop. As of year-end 2015, biofuel mandates were in place in 66 countries at the national or state/provincial level. Support has shifted increasingly towards the promotion of advanced biofuels, although, globally, most policies adopted to date focus primarily on first-generation biofuels. CITY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICIES Continuing to lead with innovative policies Cities and municipalities continued to expand their influence as leaders in the global energy transition. The important role of municipal governments and local-level climate-based commitments in promoting deployment of renewable energy technologies on a large scale was highlighted as an important component of the COP21 climate negotiations in Paris. Cities relied on a mix of regulatory policies, mandates and direct purchasing to support the deployment of renewable energy within their jurisdictions. In 2015, some cities – such as Amsterdam (Netherlands) and Graz (Austria) – committed to developing their renewable heat sectors, while others – including Cape Town (South Africa) and Banff (Canada) – adopted regulatory measures to promote renewable power. In the transport sector, some national governments (including Kenya, Mexico and Vietnam) introduced biofuel blend mandates as pilot initiatives in cities. The 100% Renewable Energy movement expanded in 2015 with new members including Byron Shire, Coffs Harbour and Uralla in Australia; Oxford County and Vancouver in Canada; and the US cities of Rochester (Minnesota) and San Diego (California). The list of cities around the world that have committed to achieving a 100% renewable electricity or energy (across all sectors) system is growing rapidly. Cities continued to work together to advance their common renewable energy goals through their membership in several high-profile global and regional partnerships, such as the Covenant of Mayors and the Compact of Mayors. 20
TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investment / net capacity additions / biofuel production in 2015 1 2 3 4 5 Investment in renewable power and fuels (not including hydro > 50 MW) China United States Japan United Kingdom India Investment in renewable power and fuels per unit GDP 1 Mauritania Honduras Uruguay Morocco Jamaica Geothermal power capacity Turkey United States Mexico Kenya Germany/Japan Hydropower capacity China Brazil Turkey India Vietnam Solar PV capacity China Japan United States United Kingdom India Concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) capacity 2 Morocco South Africa United States – – Wind power capacity China United States Germany Brazil India Solar water heating capacity China Turkey Brazil India United States Biodiesel production United States Brazil Germany Argentina France Fuel ethanol production United States Brazil China Canada Thailand Total capacity or generation as of end-2015 POWER 1 2 3 4 5 Renewable power (incl. hydro) China United States Brazil Germany Canada Renewable power (not incl. hydro) China United States Germany Japan India Renewable power capacity per capita (among top 20, not including hydro 3 ) Denmark Germany Sweden Spain Portugal Biopower generation United States China Germany Brazil Japan HEAT Geothermal power capacity United States Philippines Indonesia Mexico New Zealand Hydropower capacity 4 China Brazil United States Canada Russian Federat. Hydropower generation 4 China Brazil Canada United States Russian Federat. CSP Spain United States India Morocco South Africa Solar PV capacity China Germany Japan United States Italy Solar PV capacity per capita Germany Italy Belgium Japan Greece Wind power capacity China United States Germany India Spain Wind power capacity per capita Denmark Sweden Germany Ireland Spain Solar water heating collector capacity 5 China United States Germany Turkey Brazil Solar water heating collector capacity per capita 5 Austria Cyprus Israel Barbados Greece Geothermal heat capacity 6 China Turkey Japan Iceland India Geothermal heat capacity per capita 6 Iceland New Zealand Hungary Turkey Japan 1 Countries considered include only those covered by Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF); GDP (at purchasers’ prices) data for 2014 from World Bank. BNEF data include the following: all biomass, geothermal and wind generation projects of more than 1 MW; all hydropower projects of between 1 and 50 MW; all solar power projects, with those less than 1 MW estimated separately and referred to as small-scale projects or small distributed capacity; all ocean energy projects; and all biofuel projects with an annual production capacity of 1 million litres or more. Small-scale capacity data used to help calculate investment per unit of GDP cover only those countries investing USD 200 million or more. 2 Only three countries brought concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) plants online in 2015, which is why no countries are listed in places 4 and 5. 3 Per capita renewable power capacity ranking considers only those countries that place among the top 20 worldwide for total installed renewable power capacity, not including hydropower. Several other countries including Austria, Finland, Ireland and New Zealand also have high per capita levels of non-hydro renewable power capacity, with Iceland likely the leader among all countries. Population data are for 2014 and are from the World Bank. 4 Country rankings for hydropower capacity and generation differ because some countries rely on hydropower for baseload supply whereas others use it more to follow the electric load and to match peaks in demand. 5 Solar water heating collector rankings for total capacity and per capita are for year-end 2014 and are based on capacity of water (glazed and unglazed) collectors only. Data from IEA SHC. Total capacity rankings are estimated to remain unchanged for year-end 2015. 6 Not including heat pumps. Note: Most rankings are based on absolute amounts of investment, power generation capacity or output, or biofuels production; if done on a per capita, national GDP or other basis, the rankings would be different for many categories (as seen with per capita rankings for renewable power, solar PV, wind power and solar water collector capacity). RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 21
Page 1 and 2: RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
Page 3 and 4: GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
Page 5 and 6: Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
Page 9 and 10: RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
Page 11 and 12: Note: Some individuals have contrib
Page 13 and 14: Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
Page 15 and 16: REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
Page 19: RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
Page 23 and 24: SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
Page 25 and 26: INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
Page 27 and 28: 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
Page 29 and 30: markets, policy changes and uncerta
Page 31 and 32: Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
Page 33 and 34: Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
Page 35 and 36: also are growing, as are wind turbi
Page 37 and 38: n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
Page 39 and 40: n Africa: Although biofuel producti
Page 41 and 42: JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
Page 43 and 44: 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
Page 45 and 46: BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
Page 47 and 48: China, the third largest ethanol pr
Page 49 and 50: concluded long-term offtake agreeme
Page 51 and 52: GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
Page 53 and 54: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
Page 55 and 56: HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
Page 59 and 60: Country of Spain, the first commerc
Page 61 and 62: 7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 69 and 70: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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