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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - BIOMASS ENERGY
Ethanol Producer Magazine, updated 23 January 2016, http://
www.ethanolproducer.com/plants/listplants/US/Existing/Sugar-
Starch; Brazil from “The Ethanol czars,” http://connectas.org/
project/et/en/art2.html.
86 Meghan Sapp, “Biofuels production capacity is still underutilized
globally, but next generation opportunities are apparent,”
LuxPopuli, 30 August 2015, http://blog.luxresearchinc.com/
blog/2015/08/biofuels-production-capacity-is-still-underutilizedglobally-but-next-generation-opportunities-are-apparent/.
87 The Emerging Africa Infrastructure Fund (funded by the
governments of the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Netherlands
and Sweden) announced a partnership with Nigeria’s cassava
growers association to produce ethanol, from Meghan Sapp,
“Emerging Africa Infrastructure Fund to team on cassava
ethanol in Nigeria,” Biofuels Digest, 16 September 2015, http://
www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/09/16/emerging-africainfrastructure-fund-to-team-on-cassava-ethanol-in-nigeria/.
88 Imports to the United States from Brazil declined by 0.22 billion
litres (25%), and exports from the United States to Brazil rose
by 0.20 billion litres. Exports from the United States to Canada
went down by 0.36 billion litres (27%), but this was compensated
by extra exports to the Philippines, India and the Republic of
Korea (0.10 billion litres, 0.12 billion litres and 0.12 billion litres
respectively). US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research
Service, "Biofuel Feedstock and Co-product Market Data, Ethanol
Imports and Exports," Feed Grains Database Tables 32 and 33,
http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/bioenergy/
biofuel-feedstock-coproduct-market-data.aspx#Imports, viewed
10 May 2016.
89 During October 2015, the United States exported 0.46 billion
litres of ethanol to China, valued at USD 57 million, 46% of
total US ethanol exports for the month; previous US exports
of ethanol to China averaged less than USD 3 million annually
from 2005 to 2014, from USDA, “USDA trade mission spurs
record ethanol exports to China,” press release (Washington,
DC: 23 December 2015), http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/
usdamobile?contentid=2015/12/0347.xml&contentidonly=true.
90 Op. cit. note 59. The United States, Brazil and Germany produced
16%, 14% and 10%, respectively, of global biodiesel production in
2015. No other country produced more than 10% of global supply.
91 Jim Lane, ”The 2016 US outlook for ethanol and
biodiesel,” Biofuels Digest, 2 December 2015, http://
www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/12/02/
the-2016-us-outlook-for-ethanol-and-biodiesel/.
92 IEA, Medium Term Oil Market Report (Paris: 2016).
93 The aim of developing and commercialising advanced biofuels is
to lead to fuels which can provide better overall carbon savings
compared to fossil fuels than many biofuels produced from sugar,
starch and oils. The goal is to produce the fuels from wastes and
residues which have less impact on land use, thereby reducing
indirect land-use change impacts and also reducing competition
for food or for productive agricultural land. Some of the fuels also
have properties that enable them to be used to directly replace
fossil fuels in advanced transport systems such as aviation
engines, or to be blended in high proportions with conventional
fuels. For a fuller rationale, see, for example, IEA, Biofuels for
Transport Roadmap, op. cit. note 3.
94 See, for example, the description of a range of advanced biofuels
value chains at European Biofuels Technology Platform, “The EIBI
Value Chains,” http://biofuelstp.eu/eibi.html#valuechains.
95 See New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, “Tall oil production and
processing,” http://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/forestry/4G.pdf.
96 UPM Biofuels, “Investment in the world’s first biorefinery
producing wood-based diesel,” http://www.upmbiofuels.com/
biofuel-production/biorefinery/Pages/Default.aspx.
97 Total, “La Mède: Total’s first biorefinery,” http://www.total.com/
en/energy-expertise/projects/biomass/la-mede-total-firstbiorefinery,
viewed 10 May 2016.
98 DuPont, “The DuPont cellulosic ethanol facility in Nevada, Iowa:
leading the way for commercialization,” http://www.dupont.com/
products-and-services/industrial-biotechnology/advancedbiofuels/cellulosic-ethanol/nevada-iowa-cellulosic-ethanol-plant.
html, viewed 10 May 2016.
99 Jim Lane, “Brazil’s President Roussef christens Raizen
cellulosic biofuels plant,” Biofuels Digest, 23 July 2015,
http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/07/23/
brazils-president-rousseff-christens-raizen-cellulosic-biofuelsplant/.
100 The produced fuel is sold under a long-term contract to a local
dairy products company for steam raising – an important factor
in enabling financing for the plant, from BTG Biomass Technology
Group Newsletter, May 2015, https://www.btg-btl.com/
nieuwsbrieven/2015/mei/en.
101 Goteborg Energi, “Gothenburg Biomass Gasification Project,
GoBiGas,” http://www.goteborgenergi.se/English/Projects/
GoBiGas__Gothenburg_Biomass_Gasification_Project, viewed
10 May 2016.
102 International Air Transport Association, “Fact Sheet: Alternative
Fuels” (Geneva: December 2015), https://www.iata.org/
pressroom/facts_figures/fact_sheets/Documents/fact-sheetalternative-fuels.pdf.
103 “United Airlines begins regular biofuel use for flights,” Renewable
Energy World, 14 March 2016, http://www.renewableenergyworld.
com/articles/2016/03/united-airlines-begins-regular-biofuel-usefor-flights.html.
104 Stena Line, “Stena Line launches the world’s first methanol ferry,”
press release (Belfast: 31 March 2015), http://
news.stenaline.co.uk/pressreleases/
stena-line-launches-the-world-s-first-methanol-ferry-1137516.
105 The refineries are expected to begin operations in 2016,
with full production expected in 2017. David Alexander,
“’Great Green Fleet’ using biofuels deployed by US Navy,”
Reuters, 20 January 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/
us-usa-defense-greenfleet-idUSKCN0UY2U4.
106 US Navy, “Great Green Fleet,” http://greenfleet.dodlive.mil/
energy/great-green-fleet/, viewed 10 May 2016.
107 Meghan Sapp, “Godavari Biorefineries raises $14 million to
expand ethanol and specialty chemicals,” Biofuels Digest, 12
May 2015, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/05/12/
godavari-biorefineries-raises-14-million-to-expand-ethanol-andspecialty-chemicals/.
108 Europe is the leading market for production of electricity from
biogas and bio-methane. As of early 2015, the region had more
than 17,000 biogas plants and nearly 400 bio-methane plants
in operation, with power generating capacity exceeding 8 GW.
EBA, op. cit. note 35. In the United States, there are around 645
landfill gas utilisation sites with more than 2 GW of capacity
for electricity generation (which produced 11.2 TWh in 2015)
and for industrial purposes; there also are some 247 farm
digesters, 860 wastewater treatment plants and 38 stand-alone
digesters, from American Biogas Council, “Current and Potential
Biogas Production” (Washington, DC: undated), http://www.
americanbiogascouncil.org/pdf/abcbiogas101handout.pdf.
109 “Macedonia’s first AD plant begins operation,” Bioenergy News,
29 January 2016, http://www.bioenergynews.com/display_news/10140/
Macedoniarsquos_first_AD_plant_begins_operation/.
110 See, for example, Asia Biogas Group description of projects and
sectors, www.asiabiogas.com, viewed 18 March 2016.
111 “Asia Biogas begins commercial operation at Thai biogas plant,”
Bioenergy Insight, 26 January 2016, http://www.bioenergy-news.
com/display_news/10121/Asia_Biogas_begins_commercial_
operation_at_Thai_biogas_plant/.
112 REN21, SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status
Report (Paris: 2015), http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/
regional-status-reports/#SADC.
113 “Africa’s first grid-connected AD plant fires up,” Bioenergy Insight,
21 August 2015, http://www.bioenergynews.com/display_news/9539/
africas_first_gridconnected_ad_plant_fires_up/.
114 Abdou Diop, ENDA Energy, Senegal, personal communication
with REN21, 9 April 2016.
204