2j7YOwO

ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS - BIOMASS ENERGY
BIOMASS ENERGY
1 International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy, Bioenergy: A
Sustainable and Reliable Energy Source, Executive Summary,
prepared by the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
(ECN), E4tech, Chalmers University of Technology and the
Copernicus Institute of the University of Utrecht (Utrecht:
2009), http://www.ieabioenergy.com/publications/bioenergy-asustainable-and-reliable-energy-source-executive-summary/.
2 Ibid.
3 For a description of the various bioenergy options and their
maturity, see, for example, IEA, Biofuels for Transport Roadmap
(Paris: 2011), http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/
publication/technology-roadmap-biofuels-for-transport.html,
and IEA, Bioenergy for Heat and Power Roadmap (Paris: 2012),
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/
technology-roadmap-bioenergy-for-heat-and-power-.html.
4 For enhanced competition with other renewable sources of
electricity, see IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market
Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), http://www.iea.org/bookshop/708-
Medium-Term_Renewable_Energy_Market_Report_2015. The
costs of other renewable electricity technologies, specifically
wind and solar PV, have been falling rapidly and consistently.
The capital costs of bio-electricity have at best remained stable,
and there is less potential for scale effects and innovation to
bring costs down. In some cases the biomass fuels required are
also becoming more costly. Bio-electricity also faces increased
economic competition from low-priced fossil fuels (e.g., natural
gas in the United States).
5 After a long period of debate and policy uncertainty, the EU
finally reached a compromise decision on issues relating to
indirect land-use change with its 2015 announcement to cap
“food-based” biofuels within the 2020 target at 7% of transport
fuel needs; see European Commission Directorate General for
Energy, “Land use change,” http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/
topics/renewable-energy/biofuels/land-use-change. Research,
analysis and debate on this topic continues; see, for example,
Hugo Valin et al., The Land Use Change Impact of Biofuels
Consumed in the EU: Quantification of Area and Greenhouse Gas
Impacts (Utrecht, The Netherlands: Ecofys, International Institute
for Applied Systems Analysis, and E4tech, August 2015), https://
ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/Final%20
Report_GLOBIOM_publication.pdf. There also is continuing
concern amongst some non-governmental organisations about
the carbon balances and timing of CO 2
savings from using forestbased
biomass, which also is a subject of research and debate.
See, for example, IEA Bioenergy, Conclusions from Workshop on
Bioenergy and Land Use (Paris: 1 October 2015), http://www.
ieabioenergy.com/publications/exco74-bioenergy-land-useand-mitigating-iluc-summary-and-conclusions-01-10-15/,
and
Alessandro Agostini, Jacopo Giuntoli, and Aikaterini Boulamanti,
Carbon Accounting of Forest Bioenergy: Conclusions and
Recommendations from a Critical Literature Review (Brussels:
European Commission Joint Research Centre, 2014), http://
publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC70663.
6 IEA, Renewables Information 2015 (Paris: 2015), http://www.iea.
org/bookshop/668-Renewables_Information_2015
7 Projections for 2014 and 2015 produced from a linear
extrapolation based on data (2005–13) from IEA, World Energy
Outlook 2015 (Paris: 2015).
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Figure 6 based on the following sources: total 2014 final energy
consumption (estimated at 8,561 Mtoe) based on 8,480 Mtoe for
2013 from IEA, World Energy Statistics and Balances, 2015 Edition
(Paris: 2015), https://www.iea.org/statistics/relateddatabases/
worldenergystatisticsandbalances/ and escalated by the
0.95% increase in global primary energy demand from 2013 to
2014, derived from BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2015
(London: 2015), http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/
energy-economics/statistical-review-2015/bp-statistical-reviewof-world-energy-2015-full-report.pdf.
Traditional biomass use
in 2014 of 760 Mtoe assumes an increase of 1 Mtoe from 2013
based on 2013 value of 759 Mtoe from IEA, op. cit. note 2, pp.
348–49; 2012 value of 758 Mtoe from IEA, World Energy Outlook
2014 (Paris: 2014), p. 242; 2013 value “estimated at around 32 EJ”
from IEA, op. cit. note 4, p. 244. Modern bio-heat energy values
for 2013 (industrial, residential, and other uses, including heat
from heat plants) of 321.7 Mtoe (13.468 EJ) based on combined
value of 14.8 EJ estimated for all renewable heat, of which around
91% is biomass, from idem, p. 243. Bio-power generation of 36.9
Mtoe (429.3 TWh), based on data from idem, p. 139, except for
the following country sources: United States from US Energy
Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Monthly, Table
1.1.A, http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.
cfm?t=epmt_1_01_a, viewed 20 March 2016, and corrected for
difference between net and gross electricity generation; Germany
preliminary statistics from Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft
und Energie (BMWi), Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland,
Daten zur Entwicklung im Jahr 2015 (Berlin: February 2016),
https://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/E/erneuerbareenergien-in-zahlen-2015,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,spra
che=de,rwb=true.pdf; United Kingdom from UK Department of
Energy & Climate Change (DECC), “Energy Trends Section 6 –
Renewables” (London: March 2016), Table 6.1, https://www.gov.
uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-section-6-renewables;
India from Government of India, Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE), “Physical progress (achievements) – up to the
month of December 2015,” http://www.mnre.gov.in/missionand-vision-2/achievements/,
viewed 1 February 2016, and from
MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements) – up to the month
of December 2014,” http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-andvision-2/achievements/,
viewed 21 January 2015; total electricity
generation adjusted to electricity in final energy consumption to
account for in-plant losses and transmission losses, etc., using
the ratio of total electricity generation to total electricity in final
energy consumption (83%); total final energy consumption based
on 2013 data from IEA, op. cit. note 7.
11 Figure 7 data for 2015 calculated using a linear extrapolation
based on IEA, “Statistics: World: Renewables and Waste
2008–2013,” http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/
report/?country=WORLD&product=RenewablesandWaste&-
year=2013. Municipal solid waste (MSW) values were assumed
to be only 50% renewable, consistent with IEA assumptions.
Calculations exclude industrial waste.
12 Traditional use of biomass refers to the use of fuelwood, animal
dung and agricultural residues in simple stoves with very low
combustion efficiency. There are no precise universally accepted
definitions for what comprises traditional use of biomass. The
definition adopted by the IEA (op. cit. note 7) is “the use of
solid biomass in the residential sector of non-OECD member
countries, excluding countries in non-OECD Europe and Eurasia”.
This, however, does not take into account the efficient use of
biomass in developing countries nor the inefficient use within
residential heating in some OECD countries. A discussion on
this and other methodological issues associated with biomass
can be found in Sustainable Energy for All, Progress Toward
Sustainable Energy: Global Tracking Framework Summary
Report (Washington, DC: June 2015), http://trackingenergy4all.
worldbank.org/~/media/GIAWB/GTF/Documents/GTF-2015-
Summary-Report.pdf.
13 Projections for 2014 and 2015 from a linear extrapolation based
on data (2005–13) from IEA, op. cit. note 7. Estimates of traditional
biomass use vary widely, given the difficulties of measuring or
even estimating a resource that often is traded informally. For
example, one source (Helena Chum et al., “Bioenergy,” in Ottmar
Edenhofer et al., eds., IPPC Special Report on Renewable Energy
Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (Cambridge, UK and New
York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011), http://www.ipcc.
ch/pdf/special-reports/srren/Chapter%202%20Bioenergy.pdf)
suggests that the national databases on which the IEA statistics
rely systematically underestimate fuelwood consumption, and
applied a supplement of 20–40% on these estimates based on
country-specific analyses in over 20 countries.
14 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
“Forest Products Statistics,” http://www.fao.org/forestry/
statistics/80938/en/, viewed 18 March 2016.
15 Based on a linear extrapolation to 2015 of charcoal production
data (2010–14) in FAO, FAOSAT database, http://faostat3.fao.org/
download/F/FO/E, viewed 18 March 2016.
16 Total modern biomass use in 2015 based on IEA, estimate of
total modern renewable heat in 2013 of 14.8 EJ, 91% of which was
bioenergy (13.5 EJ) and assuming continuing growth at 3.5%/
year, from IEA, op. cit. note 4, p. 242. Considerable uncertainties
surround bioenergy use in industry, as some countries that are
known to have significant uses of residues, for example in the
paper industry, do not report this in statistical returns. Industrial
02
RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT
201