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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW Öko-Institute e.V., personal communication with REN21, 11 May 2015. 159 Eric O’Shaughnessy, NREL, personal communication with REN21, 14 April 2016; Eric O’Shaughnessy et al., Status and Trends in the US Voluntary Green Power Market (2014 Data) (Golden, CO: NREL, October 2015), http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65252.pdf. The number of customers purchasing green power was down more than 9% relative to 2013, to 4.9 million, from idem. Sales continued to rise while the number of participants has fallen, which may indicate a trend towards fewer customers making larger green power purchases, such as non-residential customers making very large green power purchases through PPAs. O’Shaughnessy, op. cit. this note. 160 See, for example, CleanEdge, A Status Report on Rising Commitments Among Corporations and Governments to Reach 100% Renewables http://cleanedge.com/reports/Getting-to-100. See also Policy Landscape chapter. 161 See, for example: Laurie Guevara-Stone, “Top 12 clean energy developments of 2015,” RMI Outlet, 5 January 2015, http:// blog.rmi.org/blog_2016_01_05_top_12_clean_energy_ developments_of_2015; http://www.go100re.net/map/; Claire Trageser, “How will San Diego reach its 100% renewable energy goal?” KPBS, 8 January 2016, http://www.kpbs.org/news/2016/ jan/08/how-will-san-diego-reach-its-100-renewable-energy-/; Greg Alvarez, “Oregon decides to go 50 percent renewable energy,” AWEA, 3 March 2016, http://www.aweablog.org/ oregon-decides-to-go-50-percent-renewable-energy/. 162 “All electricity in Austria’s largest state now produced from renewables,” Agence France-Presse, 5 November 2015, http:// www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/06/all-electricity-inaustrias-largest-state-now-produced-from-renewables; “Lower Austria claims 100% renewable electricity,” CleanTechnica, 11 November 2015, https://cleantechnica.com/2015/11/11/ lower-austria-claims-100-renewable-electricity/. 163 German state from Craig Morris, “Two down, 14 to go,” Renewables International, 7 April 2016, http://www. renewablesinternational.net/two-german-states-already-100- percent-renewable-net-for-electricity/150/537/94660/; Andrea Reimer, “100% renewable energy: the new normal,” Huffington Post, 24 April 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andreareimer/100-renewable-energy-the-new-normal_b_7126906.html; Glenn Meyers, “Aspen stands tall as third US city achieves 100% renewable electricity,” CleanTechnica, 15 September 2015, http:// cleantechnica.com/2015/09/15/aspen-stands-tall-third-us-cityachieves-100-renewable-energy/; 100% Renewables website, www.go100re.net/map; GO100% Renewable Energy website, http://go100percent.org/cms/. 164 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit. note 31. 165 Figure of less than 1% from IEA, Electricity Information, 2016 preliminary edition (Paris: 2014). 166 IEA, Heating Without Global Warming 2014 (Paris: 2014). 167 Weiss, op. cit. note 40. 168 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit. note 31. 169 Ibid. 170 Weiss, op. cit. note 40. 171 Ibid. 172 The renewable share in buildings is estimated to be 7% and in industry 10%, per IEA, op. cit. note 36. The World Economic Outlook, by contrast, estimates the renewable share in buildings to be 10% and in industry 10% in 2013, per IEA, op. cit. note 2. 173 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit. note 31. 174 Lex Bosselaar, Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO), personal communication with REN21, 24 February 2016. 175 Weiss, op. cit. note 40; copper industry from Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174. 176 Weiss, op. cit. note 40; Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174; growing markets from Bärbel Epp, solrico, personal communication with REN21, 13 April 2016 177 John W. Lund and Tonya L. Boyd, “Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2015 worldwide review,” Geothermics, vol. 60 (2016), pp. 66–93, Table 6. 178 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit. note 31; solar thermal trends from Weiss, op. cit. note 40 179 Walter Hasslinger, Bioenergy 2020+, personal communication with REN21, 16 March 2016; traditional use of bioenergy from IEA, Southeast Asia Energy Outlook (Paris: 2013). 180 IEA, op. cit. note 2. India’s industrial sector supplied roughly 20% of its heat demand with biomass in 2014, largely from agricultural residues. 181 Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC), Results Report 2014 (Washington, DC: 2014), http://cleancookstoves.org/about/ news/12-10-2015-results-report-2014-sharing-progress-on-thepath-to-adoption-of-clean-and-efficient-cooking-solutions.html. 182 European Commission, “Commission proposes new rules on gas and a heating and cooling strategy,” 16 February 2016, https:// ec.europa.eu/energy/en/news/commission-proposes-new-rulesgas-and-heating-and-cooling-strategy; IEA, op. cit. note 2. 183 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit. note 31. 184 Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174; boilers from Michael Nast, DLR, Germany, personal communication with REN21, 3 March 2016. In Germany, for example, market shares of oil boilers increased in 2015 (up to 8.5% from 6.5% in 2014) at the expense of biomass boilers (down to 4.2% from 5.3% in 2014). Official records of the share of renewable energy in the final energy demand for heating and cooling show an increase, but data are influenced by changes in accounting methods and addition of biogenic solid fuels of the tertiary sector that were previously omitted. As such, data increases do not accurately reflect the current state of the market. 185 Burkhard Sanner, European Geothermal Energy Council, personal communication with REN21, 23 March 2016; Steve Hodgson, “Energy from the Earth, geothermal district heat,” Decentralized Energy, 12 August 2015, http://www.decentralized-energy.com/ articles/2015/12/energy-from-the-earth-geothermal-district-heat. html; recovery of residential biomass heating systems in Europe from Hasslinger, op. cit. note 179. 186 Thomas Novak, European Heat Pump Association, personal communication with REN21, 2 May 2016. 187 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit. note 31; numbers based on 2013 data. US estimates from IEA, op. cit. note 2. 188 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit. note 31. 189 Bruce Dorminey, “Low heating oil prices depress domestic wood pellet market,” Renewable Energy World, 29 February 2016, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/02/lowheating-oil-prices-depress-domestic-wood-pellet-market.html; solar thermal from IEA SHC, Solar Heat Worldwide (Paris: 2015). 190 IEA, op. cit. note 2. 191 Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174; Bärbel Epp, solrico, personal communication with REN21, 13 April 2016. 192 Bärbel Epp, “Big ups and downs on global market,” Solar Thermal World, 26 April 2016, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/ big-ups-and-downs-global-market; UNEP, Solar Water Heating Market Evaluation – Case Study of Mexico (Nairobi: November 2015), http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/ story/2015-12-08/mexico_case_study_final.pdf. 193 Bärbel Epp, “Latin America on its way to solar thermal quality standards,” Solar Thermal World, 31 August 2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/ latin-america-its-way-solar-thermal-quality-standards. 194 IEA, op. cit. note 2. 195 Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174; Epp, op. cit. note 191. 196 Bärbel Epp, “Lesotho, Mozambique and Zimbabwe: solar thermal policies under development,” 197 Solar Thermal World, 10 March 2016, http://www. solarthermalworld.org/content/lesotho-mozambique-andzimbabwe-solar-thermal-policies-under-development. Yacob Mulugetta, University College London, personal communication with REN21, 11 December 2015. 198 GACC, op. cit. note 181. 199 Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174. 200 Eric Wesoff, “Glasspoint is building the world’s largest solar project in an Omani oil field,” Greentech Media, 8 July 2015, 198
ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/GlassPoint-is- Building-the-Worlds-Largest-Solar-Project-in-an-Omani-Oilfie. 201 As of 2015 the UAE had three LEED Platinum certified buildings with solar cooling systems – examples of green building certification supporting solar cooling. Bärbel Epp, “UAE: Green buildings certification and impact on solar technology development,” Solar Thermal World, 1 September 2015, http:// www.solarthermalworld.org/content/uae-green-buildingscertification-and-impact-solar-technology-deployment. 202 European Solar Thermal Industry Federation, “Energy labeling for heating devices – a challenge and an opportunity for dealers and installers,” 25 September 2015, http://www.estif.org/no_cache/ news/single-news-item/archive/2015/september/article/energy- labelling-for-heating-devices-an-opportunity-for-the-consumer- 1/?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=526&cHash=24c036e7150e8e4 eccc8dc7c17ef408f. 203 Weiss, op. cit. note 40. For more than 30 years, Denmark has required its communities to plan for a reliable and low-cost heat supply, which has had a positive influence on both the development of district heating systems in the country (now more than 60% of Danish households are supplied by district heat) and the increased use of renewable energy in those systems. Nast, op. cit. note 184. 204 Biomass-based district heating information from District Energy, “Duo commit to investing £10m on Wick district heating system,” 3 March 2016, http://www.districtenergy.org/blog/2016/03/03/ duo-commit-to-investing-10m-on-wick-district-heating-scheme/, and from District Energy, “$11.9 million funding agreed for Swedish biomass CHP plant,” 29 December 2015, http://www. districtenergy.org/blog/2015/12/29/11-9-million-funding-agreedfor-swedish-biomass-chp-plant/; geothermal from Sanner, op. cit. note 185. 205 Lily Riahi et al., District Energy in Cities (Paris: UNEP, 2015), http:// www.unep.org/energy/portals/50177/DES_District_Energy_ Report_full_02_d.pdf; Asian Development Bank, “China, People’s Republic of: Low carbon district heating project in Hohhot in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,” http://www.adb.org/ projects/47052-002/main, viewed 14 April 2016. 206 Weiss, op. cit. note 40. 207 Liuhua Gao, Jun Zhao, and Zipeng Tang, “A review on borehole seasonal solar thermal energy storage,” Energy Procedia, vol. 70 (2015), pp. 209–18; Natural Resources Canada, “Drake Landing Solar Community, 2012 Backgrounders,” http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/ media-room/backgrounders/2012/3299. 208 Thomas Novak, European Heat Pump Association, personal communication with REN21, 13 April 2016; Ralf Dott and Thomas Afjei, 11th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2014, 12–16 May 2014, Montréal, Canada. 209 Uli Jakob, Green Chiller Verband für Sorptionskälte e.V., personal communication with REN21, 22 April 2016. 210 Weiss, op. cit. note 40. 211 Ibid. 212 Hasslinger, op. cit. note 179. 213 Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174. 214 Steve Hodgson, “District cooling heads east and south,” Decentralized Energy, 3 March 2015, http://www.decentralizedenergy.com/articles/2015/03/district-cooling-heads-east-andsouth.html; District Energy, “Qatar Cool starts capacity growth on its third district cooling plant in West Bay,” 20 May 2015, http:// www.districtenergy.org/blog/2015/05/20/qatar-cool-startscapacity-growth-on-its-third-district-cooling-plant-in-west-bay/. 215 Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174. 216 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit. note 31. 217 See, for example, Republic of Seychelles, Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (September 2015), http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20 Documents/Seychelles/1/INDC%20of%20Seychelles.pdf. 218 European Commission, “Commission proposes new rules on gas and a heating and cooling strategy,” 16 February 2016, https:// ec.europa.eu/energy/en/news/commission-proposes-new-rulesgas-and-heating-and-cooling-strategy. 219 Value of 28% is based on 2012 data, per IEA, op. cit. note 36. 220 Ibid. Data are 2012 values. 221 Ibid. 222 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit. note 31. 223 Partnership on Sustainable Low Carbon Transport (SLoCaT), “Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) Offer Opportunities for Ambitious Action on Transport and Climate Change,” 24 November 2015, http://ppmc-cop21.org/wp-content/ uploads/2015/08/Intended-Nationally-DeterminedContributions- Offer-Opportunities-for-Ambitious-Action-on-Transport-and- Climate-Change.pdf. 224 SLoCaT, “About SloCaT,” http://www.slocat.net/about-slocat, viewed 21 April 2016; Global Fuel Economy Initiative, “About GFEI,” http://www.globalfueleconomy.org/about-gfei, viewed 21 April 2016. 225 See Bioenergy section in Market and Industry Trends chapter; production increased from F.O. Licht/Licht Interactive Data, “Fuel Ethanol: World Production by Country,” 2016, and “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country,” 2016. 226 See Bioenergy section in Market and Industry Trends chapter. 227 Ibid. Advanced bioenergy requirements from Tom Ewing, “Bioenergy in 2016: powered up, hoping to run,” Renewable Energy World Magazine, January/February 2016. 228 Federation National de Biocumbustables de Colombia website, http://www.fedebiocombustibles.com/main-index.htm, viewed 21 April 2016. 229 European Commission, “Land use change,” 2015, http:// ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/biofuels/ land-use-change. 230 Meghan Sapp, “Egypt looking to fly on aviation biofuel next year,” Biofuels Digest, 16 July 2015, http://www.biofuelsdigest. com/bdigest/2015/07/16/egypt-looking-to-fly-on-aviationbiofuel-next-year; Japan from Tom Redmond and Yuko Takeo, “This pond scum may fuel your airplane,” Bloomberg, 7 July 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-07/thispond-scum-already-in-your-smoothie-may-fuel-your-airplane; Netherlands from SkyNRG, “SkyNRG welcomes ABN AMRO as a new customer in the KLM Corporate BioFuel Programme,” press release (Amsterdam: 18 January 2016); United States from Zia Haq, “Renewable jet fuel is taking flight,” US DOE, EERE, 26 August 2015, http://energy.gov/eere/articles/renewable-jet-fueltaking-flight; “Boeing collaborates with Mexico on sustainable aviation biofuel research and development,” Solar Thermal Magazine, 25 February 2016, https://solarthermalmagazine. com/2016/02/25/64486/. 231 “United Airlines begins regular biofuel use for flights,” Renewable Energy World, 14 March 2016, http://www.renewableenergyworld. com/articles/2016/03/united-airlines-begins-regular-biofuel-usefor-flights.html. 232 Natalie Burg, “How biofuels are powering change in the aviation industry,” Forbes, 21 September 2015, http://www.forbes.com/ sites/cit/2015/09/21/how-biofuels-are-powering-change-in-theaviation-industry/#67fad2735d0a. 233 Meghan Sapp, “Hybrid airplane to fly on algae and solar power from Paris to New York in June,” Biofuels Digest, 15 March 2016, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2016/03/15/hybridairplane-to-fly-on-algae-and-solar-power-from-paris-to-newyork-in-june/; David Molko and Euan McKirdy, “Solar Impulse 2 lands in California after Pacific Flight,” CNN, 24 April 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/24/travel/solar-impulse-2-planecalifornia/index.html. 234 US DOE, “Natural gas fueling station locations,” http://www. afdc.energy.gov/fuels/natural_gas_locations.html, viewed 7 May 2016; India, Iran and the Netherlands from NGV Global, “Market development in infrastructure,” http://www.ngvglobal.com/blog/ category/market-developments/infrastructure, viewed 7 May 2016. 235 The National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels established Resolution No. 8 on biomethane on 30 January 2015, per ANEEL, “Fontes de Energia,” http://www.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/capacidadebrasil/ Combustivel.cfm, viewed 21 April 2016; Biogas Partner, “New milestone for natural gas in Brazil: biomethane is now regulated,” 11 February 2015, http://www.biogaspartner. de/fileadmin/biogas/documents/Kurznachrichten/2015/ 01 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 199
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Country of Spain, the first commerc
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7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
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Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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Sharp - in the storage market by in
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Page 153 and 154: Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Page 165 and 166: Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Page 169 and 170: Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Page 177 and 178: Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
Page 179 and 180: Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
Page 181 and 182: Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Page 185 and 186: Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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Page 197: ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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