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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW
Öko-Institute e.V., personal communication with REN21, 11 May
2015.
159 Eric O’Shaughnessy, NREL, personal communication with REN21,
14 April 2016; Eric O’Shaughnessy et al., Status and Trends in the
US Voluntary Green Power Market (2014 Data) (Golden, CO: NREL,
October 2015), http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65252.pdf. The
number of customers purchasing green power was down more
than 9% relative to 2013, to 4.9 million, from idem. Sales continued
to rise while the number of participants has fallen, which may
indicate a trend towards fewer customers making larger green
power purchases, such as non-residential customers making very
large green power purchases through PPAs. O’Shaughnessy, op.
cit. this note.
160 See, for example, CleanEdge, A Status Report on Rising
Commitments Among Corporations and Governments to Reach
100% Renewables http://cleanedge.com/reports/Getting-to-100.
See also Policy Landscape chapter.
161 See, for example: Laurie Guevara-Stone, “Top 12 clean energy
developments of 2015,” RMI Outlet, 5 January 2015, http://
blog.rmi.org/blog_2016_01_05_top_12_clean_energy_
developments_of_2015; http://www.go100re.net/map/; Claire
Trageser, “How will San Diego reach its 100% renewable energy
goal?” KPBS, 8 January 2016, http://www.kpbs.org/news/2016/
jan/08/how-will-san-diego-reach-its-100-renewable-energy-/;
Greg Alvarez, “Oregon decides to go 50 percent renewable
energy,” AWEA, 3 March 2016, http://www.aweablog.org/
oregon-decides-to-go-50-percent-renewable-energy/.
162 “All electricity in Austria’s largest state now produced from
renewables,” Agence France-Presse, 5 November 2015, http://
www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/06/all-electricity-inaustrias-largest-state-now-produced-from-renewables;
“Lower
Austria claims 100% renewable electricity,” CleanTechnica,
11 November 2015, https://cleantechnica.com/2015/11/11/
lower-austria-claims-100-renewable-electricity/.
163 German state from Craig Morris, “Two down, 14 to go,”
Renewables International, 7 April 2016, http://www.
renewablesinternational.net/two-german-states-already-100-
percent-renewable-net-for-electricity/150/537/94660/; Andrea
Reimer, “100% renewable energy: the new normal,” Huffington
Post, 24 April 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andreareimer/100-renewable-energy-the-new-normal_b_7126906.html;
Glenn Meyers, “Aspen stands tall as third US city achieves 100%
renewable electricity,” CleanTechnica, 15 September 2015, http://
cleantechnica.com/2015/09/15/aspen-stands-tall-third-us-cityachieves-100-renewable-energy/;
100% Renewables website,
www.go100re.net/map; GO100% Renewable Energy website,
http://go100percent.org/cms/.
164 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit.
note 31.
165 Figure of less than 1% from IEA, Electricity Information, 2016
preliminary edition (Paris: 2014).
166 IEA, Heating Without Global Warming 2014 (Paris: 2014).
167 Weiss, op. cit. note 40.
168 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit.
note 31.
169 Ibid.
170 Weiss, op. cit. note 40.
171 Ibid.
172 The renewable share in buildings is estimated to be 7% and
in industry 10%, per IEA, op. cit. note 36. The World Economic
Outlook, by contrast, estimates the renewable share in buildings
to be 10% and in industry 10% in 2013, per IEA, op. cit. note 2.
173 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit.
note 31.
174 Lex Bosselaar, Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO), personal
communication with REN21, 24 February 2016.
175 Weiss, op. cit. note 40; copper industry from Bosselaar, op. cit.
note 174.
176 Weiss, op. cit. note 40; Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174; growing
markets from Bärbel Epp, solrico, personal communication with
REN21, 13 April 2016
177 John W. Lund and Tonya L. Boyd, “Direct utilization of geothermal
energy 2015 worldwide review,” Geothermics, vol. 60 (2016), pp.
66–93, Table 6.
178 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit.
note 31; solar thermal trends from Weiss, op. cit. note 40
179 Walter Hasslinger, Bioenergy 2020+, personal communication
with REN21, 16 March 2016; traditional use of bioenergy from IEA,
Southeast Asia Energy Outlook (Paris: 2013).
180 IEA, op. cit. note 2. India’s industrial sector supplied roughly 20%
of its heat demand with biomass in 2014, largely from agricultural
residues.
181 Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC), Results Report
2014 (Washington, DC: 2014), http://cleancookstoves.org/about/
news/12-10-2015-results-report-2014-sharing-progress-on-thepath-to-adoption-of-clean-and-efficient-cooking-solutions.html.
182 European Commission, “Commission proposes new rules on gas
and a heating and cooling strategy,” 16 February 2016, https://
ec.europa.eu/energy/en/news/commission-proposes-new-rulesgas-and-heating-and-cooling-strategy;
IEA, op. cit. note 2.
183 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit.
note 31.
184 Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174; boilers from Michael Nast, DLR,
Germany, personal communication with REN21, 3 March 2016.
In Germany, for example, market shares of oil boilers increased
in 2015 (up to 8.5% from 6.5% in 2014) at the expense of biomass
boilers (down to 4.2% from 5.3% in 2014). Official records of the
share of renewable energy in the final energy demand for heating
and cooling show an increase, but data are influenced by changes
in accounting methods and addition of biogenic solid fuels of
the tertiary sector that were previously omitted. As such, data
increases do not accurately reflect the current state of the market.
185 Burkhard Sanner, European Geothermal Energy Council, personal
communication with REN21, 23 March 2016; Steve Hodgson,
“Energy from the Earth, geothermal district heat,” Decentralized
Energy, 12 August 2015, http://www.decentralized-energy.com/
articles/2015/12/energy-from-the-earth-geothermal-district-heat.
html; recovery of residential biomass heating systems in Europe
from Hasslinger, op. cit. note 179.
186 Thomas Novak, European Heat Pump Association, personal
communication with REN21, 2 May 2016.
187 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit.
note 31; numbers based on 2013 data. US estimates from IEA, op.
cit. note 2.
188 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit.
note 31.
189 Bruce Dorminey, “Low heating oil prices depress domestic wood
pellet market,” Renewable Energy World, 29 February 2016,
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/02/lowheating-oil-prices-depress-domestic-wood-pellet-market.html;
solar thermal from IEA SHC, Solar Heat Worldwide (Paris: 2015).
190 IEA, op. cit. note 2.
191 Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174; Bärbel Epp, solrico, personal
communication with REN21, 13 April 2016.
192 Bärbel Epp, “Big ups and downs on global market,” Solar Thermal
World, 26 April 2016, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/
big-ups-and-downs-global-market; UNEP, Solar Water Heating
Market Evaluation – Case Study of Mexico (Nairobi: November
2015), http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/
story/2015-12-08/mexico_case_study_final.pdf.
193 Bärbel Epp, “Latin America on its way to solar thermal
quality standards,” Solar Thermal World, 31 August
2015, http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/
latin-america-its-way-solar-thermal-quality-standards.
194 IEA, op. cit. note 2.
195 Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174; Epp, op. cit. note 191.
196 Bärbel Epp, “Lesotho, Mozambique and Zimbabwe: solar thermal
policies under development,”
197 Solar Thermal World, 10 March 2016, http://www.
solarthermalworld.org/content/lesotho-mozambique-andzimbabwe-solar-thermal-policies-under-development.
Yacob
Mulugetta, University College London, personal communication
with REN21, 11 December 2015.
198 GACC, op. cit. note 181.
199 Bosselaar, op. cit. note 174.
200 Eric Wesoff, “Glasspoint is building the world’s largest solar
project in an Omani oil field,” Greentech Media, 8 July 2015,
198