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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW
which off-grid industry exactly?” Sun Connect, 11 November
2015, http://www.sun-connect-news.org/business/details/
off-grid-is-booming-but-which-off-grid-industry-exactly/.
Malaysia and other developing countries from, for example:
Jason Deign, “Inverter capabilities are the biggest limitation
facing all-renewable microgrids,” Greentech Media, 28
September 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/
read/why-the-all-renewable-microgrid-is-still-a-way-off; Global
Network on Energy for Sustainable Development (GNESD),
Renewable Energy-based Rural Electrification: The Mini-Grid
Experience from India, prepared by The Energy and Resources
Institute (TERI) (New Delhi: 2014), http://www.unepdtu.org/
PUBLICATIONS; REN21, SADC Renewable Energy and Energy
Efficiency Status Report (Paris: 2015), http://www.ren21.net/
wp-content/uploads/2015/10/REN21_SADC_Report_web.pdf.
Energy independence and more-resilient from, for example:
George M. Walsh, “Driven by power outages and savings, towns
look to microgrid,” Associated Press, 7 February 2016, http://
abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/driven-power-outages-savingstowns-microgrid-36771915;
Bob Fesmire, “Beyond backup power:
The state of New York kicks off a competition that highlights
the multi-faceted benefits of microgrids,” ABB, 20 August 2015,
http://www.abb-conversations.com/2015/08/beyond-backuppower/;
Robert Walton, “Inside the nation’s first renewables-plusstorage
microgrid,” Utility Dive, 6 July 2015, http://www.utilitydive.
com/news/inside-the-nations-first-renewables-plus-storagemicrogrid/401476/;
Dick Munson, “Coast to coast and across the
electric system, microgrids provide benefits to all,” Renewable
Energy World, 14 May 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.
com/articles/2015/05/coast-to-coast-and-across-the-electricsystem-microgrids-provide-benefits-to-all.html;
Julia Pyper, “US
microgrid capacity will more than double by 2020 – and include
a lot more renewables,” Greentech Media, 23 June 2015, http://
www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Microgrid-Capacity-
Will-More-Than-Double-by-2020; Dan Boyce, “Military marches
forward with microgrids,” net (Nebraska’s PBS and NPR Stations),
4 September 2015, http://netnebraska.org/article/news/989260/
military-marches-forward-microgrids.
149 See, for example, Solar PV and Wind Power sections in Market
and Industry Trends chapter.
150 Tetsunari Iida, ISEP, Japan, “Energy democracy: accelerating
structural energy change,” presentation at the International
Symposium on Community Wind Power, WWEA, Bonn, Germany,
26 January 2016, http://www.wwindea.org/presentationsinternational-symposium-on-community-power/;
Peter Rae,
“Australia – status quo, problems and solutions,” presentation
at International Symposium, idem; Cheryl Katz, “Surge in
renewables remakes California’s energy landscape,” Yale e360
Digest, 26 May 2015, http://e360.yale.edu/feature/surge_in_
renewables_remakes_californias_energy_landscape/2879/.
151 Northern European countries include Belgium, Denmark,
Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, from European
Commission, “Spreading the Model of Renewable Energy
Cooperatives,” 18 March 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/easme/en/
news/spreading-model-renewable-energy-cooperatives; Adilya
Zaripova, “Finland to add more PV using community solar model,”
PV Magazine, 29 April 2016, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/
details/beitrag/finland-to-add-more-pv-using-community-solarmodel_100024372/.
152 Long traditions from Boris Gotchev, “Civic participation in
the Energiewende: what Germany can learn from Denmark,”
EnergyTransition, 2 March 2015, http://energytransition.
de/2015/03/danish-civic-participation-energiewende-lessonsfor-germany/;
slowdowns from Chris Cooper, “A German
energy crowd-funding start-up that aims to make community
energy easy,” One Step Off the Grid, 29 October 2015, http://
onestepoffthegrid.com.au/a-german-energy-crowd-fundingstart-up-that-aims-to-make-community-energy-easy/;
Paul
Monaghan, “The highs and lows of community energy across
Europe,” Renewables International, 21 January 2016, http://www.
renewablesinternational.net/the-highs-and-lows-of-communityenergy-across-europe/150/537/92820/;
Hinrichs-Rahlwes, op. cit.
note 14.
153 See, for example: Julia Pyper, “Apple tackles supply-chain
emissions with 2GW Clean Energy Initiative in China,” Greentech
Media, 22 October 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/
articles/read/Apple-Tackles-Supply-Chain-Emissions-with-
2GW-Clean-Energy-Initiative-in-Ch; Samantha Page, “9
massive US companies pledge to go 100% renewable,” Think
Progress, 23 September 2015, http://thinkprogress.org/
climate/2015/09/23/3704565/more-big-businesses-pledge-
100-percent-renewable/; Michael Graham Richard, “IKEA to
invest $680m in renewable energy to be ‘energy independent’ by
2020,” Tree Hugger, 18 June 2015, http://www.treehugger.com/
renewable-energy/ikea-invest-680m-renewable-energy-beenergy-independent-2020.html;
GWEC, “Global businesses turn
to wind power,” press release (Brussels: 15 June 2015), http://
www.gwec.net/global-businesses-turn-to-wind-power/; Feifei
Shen, “Google to provide seed funding for renewable energy
in Asia,” Renewable Energy World, 7 April 2016, http://www.
renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/04/google-to-provideseed-funding-for-renewable-energy-in-asia.html.
154 Business Renewable Center, BRC Newsletter, January
2016, http://www.rmi.org/business_renewables_center_
newsletter_002_jan_2016; Paolo Natali and Lily Donge, “5
ways to sustain the corporate renewables market,” RMI Outlet,
2 March 2016, http://blog.rmi.org/blog_2016_03_02_5_ways_
to_sustain_the_corporate_renewables_market; David Labrador,
“Lockheed Martin signs its first major renewables deal for 30
MW of solar,” RMI Outlet, 5 February 2016, http://blog.rmi.
org/blog_2016_02_05_lockheed_martin_signs_its_first_
major_renewables_deal; David Labrador, “First-time buyers are
dominating corporate renewable purchasing,” RMI Outlet, 17
February 2016, http://blog.rmi.org/blog_2016_02_17_first_time_
buyers_are_dominating_corporate_renewable_purchasing; Peter
Bronski, “5 major themes facing corporate renewable energy
purchasing today,” RMI Outlet, 25 November 2015, http://blog.
rmi.org/blog_2015_11_25_5_major_themes_facing_corporate_
renewable_energy_purchasing_today.
155 PPAs and leases from Sarah Beth Penndorf, “The renewable
energy market is evolving. Here’s how,” RMI Outlet, 2 November
2015, http://blog.rmi.org/blog_2015_11_02_the_renewable_
energy_market_is_evolving_heres_how; developing their own
from Cheryl Katz, “Surge in renewables remakes California’s
energy landscape,” Yale e360 Digest, 26 May 2015, http://e360.
yale.edu/feature/surge_in_renewables_remakes_californias_
energy_landscape/2879/; Brian Eckhouse, “Google buys 781 MW
of wind, solar power in three nations,” Renewable Energy World,
3 December 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/
articles/2015/12/google-buys-781-megawatts-of-wind-solarpower-in-three-nations;
25x’25, “Major global insurer enters US
renewables market,” op. cit. note 62.
156 Labrador, “Lockheed Martin signs…,” op. cit. note 154. For
other industrial and manufacturing companies, see Christina
Nunez, “These old-school companies are going big with
solar and wind,” National Geographic, 7 March 2016, http://
news.nationalgeographic.com/energy/2016/03/160307-topcompanies-buying-wind-and-solar-energy/.
157 Municipalities from, for example, “Which US cities lead on
renewable energy use?” Sustainable Business, 30 October
2015, http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/index.cfm/go/
news.display/id/26455; US military from, for example, “Navy
signs agreement for largest purchase of renewable energy
by federal entity,” Solar Today, 20 November 2015, http://
solartoday.org/2015/11/navy-signs-agreement-for-largestpurchase-of-renewable-energy-by-federal-entity/,
and from
Camille von Kaenel, “Energy security drives US military to
renewables,” Scientific American, 16 March 2016, http://www.
scientificamerican.com/article/energy-security-drives-u-smilitary-to-renewables/;
mines from, for example, Thomas
Hillig, “Solar-, wind-diesel hybrid plants at remote mines as a
target for investors,” Renewable Energy World, 4 November
2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/11/
solar-wind-diesel-hybrid-plants-at-remote-mines-as-a-targetfor-investors,
and from Thomas Hillig, “COP21: THEnergy sees
mining companies prepare action plans against carbon measures
at the Paris Climate Conference,” Renewable Energy World,
30 November 2015, http://blog.renewableenergyworld.com/
ugc/blogs/2015/11/cop21_thenergy_sees; Chile from Junko
Movellan, “The 2016 Global PV Outlook: US and Asian markets
strengthened by policies to reduce CO2,” Renewable Energy
World Magazine, January/February 2016, pp. 34–40.
158 For Australia, see, for example, GreenPower website, http://
www.greenpower.gov.au/#, and EnergyAustralia, “Green Energy,”
http://www.energyaustralia.com.au/residential/electricityand-gas/green-energy.
Countries in Europe have included
Austria, Belgium (Flanders), Finland, Germany, the Netherlands,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, per Joß Bracker,
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