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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW new-10-mw-storage-plant-opened-feldheim-germany-europeslargest; Jeff St. John, “Primus Power raises $25m to bring flow batteries to Kazakhstan,” Greentech Media, 9 September 2015, https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/primus-powerraises-25m-to-bring-flow-batteries-to-kazakhstan. Developing country projects from, for example, Mike Stone, “Kenya’s storage market is budding,” Greentech Media, 14 September 2015, https:// www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/kenya-on-the-energystorage-map; China and India from IRENA, Battery Storage for Renewables: Market Status and Technology (Bonn: January 2015), p. 1, www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/ IRENA_Battery_Storage_report_2015.pdf. 133 Diane Cardwell, “Tesla ventures into solar power storage for home and business,” New York Times, 1 May 2015, http://www. nytimes.com/2015/05/01/business/energy-environment/withnew-factory-tesla-ventures-into-solar-power-storage-for-homeand-business.html?_r=0; Thomas Overton, “German battery firm Sonnen moves into US home solar-storage market,” Power, 30 January 2016, http://www.powermag.com/german-battery-firmsonnen-moves-into-u-s-home-solar-storage-market/; Wade, op. cit. note 73; Katie Fehrenbacher, “Amid a solar boom, batteries draw attention and dollars,” Fortune, 16 July 2015, http://fortune. com/2015/07/16/batteries-solar-funding/?xid=soc_socialflow_ twitter_FORTUNE; Martin, op. cit. note 73; Jason Deign, “Sonnenbatterie launches Solar-Plus-Storage storage system for $10,645,” Greentech Media, 25 November 2015, https://www. greentechmedia.com/articles/read/sonnenbatterie-launchessolar-plus-storage-storage-system-for-10645; Peter Maloney, “New Enphase solar-storage product combines monitoring, control in a single device,” Utility Dive, 2 November 2015, http://www.utilitydive.com/news/new-enphase-solar-storageproduct-combines-monitoring-control-in-a-single/408350/; Katherine Tweed, “Storage roundup: AMS, Stem and JCI expand behind-the-meter offerings,” Greentech Media, 14 October 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/energy-storageroundup-ams-stem-and-jci-target-commercial-customersbig-and; growing markets from, for example, FS–UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 41, p. 39; James Paton, “Enphase targets $10-$20 million in energy storage sales for Australia, New Zealand,” Renewable Energy World, 22 March 2016, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/03/enphase-targets- 10-20-million-in-energy-storage-sales-for-australia-new-zealand. html. 134 Australia, Germany and Japan, from FS–UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 41, p. 39; Japan also from Kenji Kaneko, “Japanese market for energy storage systems predicted to grow rapidly,” Japan Today, 19 October 2015, http://www.japantoday. com/category/business/view/japanese-market-for-energystorage-systems-predicted-to-grow-rapidly; United States from Stephen Lacey, “Thinking differently about where to deploy solar-plus-storage,” Greentech Media, 27 October 2015, http:// www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Thinking-Differently- About-Solar-Plus-Storage, from Diane Cardwell, “Energy storage industry gaining momentum,” New York Times, 25 October 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/26/business/energyenvironment/energy-storage-industry-gaining-momentum. html?_r=0, and from Jeff St. John, “California added 11 MW of behind-the-meter batteries in Q3,” Greentech Media, 4 December 2015, https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ California-Added-11-MW-of-Behind-the-Meter-Batteries-in-Q3. 135 Tom Randall, “Tesla’s battery grabbed $800 million in its first week,” Bloomberg, 8 May 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/ news/articles/2015-05-08/tesla-s-battery-grabbed-800-millionin-its-first-week; Tweed, “7 energy storage stories you might have missed in 2015,” op. cit. note 37; Jeff St. John, “Duke Energy teams up with Green Charge Networks for behind-the-meter batteries,” Greentech Media, 8 December 2015, http://www. greentechmedia.com/articles/read/duke-energy-teams-up-withgreen-charge-networks-for-behind-the-meter-batter. See also Solar PV section in Market and Industry Trends chapter. 136 Hinrichs-Rahlwes, op. cit. note 14. 137 Ibid. See also Temur Tatishvili, “Energy Union: Advancing the integration of European energy markets,” The Financial, 8 June 2015, http://finchannel.com/index.php/business/item/44837- energy-union-advancing-the-integration-of-european-energymarkets. 138 BMWi, An Electricity Market for Germany’s Energy Transition, White Paper (Berlin: 2015), cited in Martinot, op. cit. note 117. The resulting draft law was presented and, as of early March 2016, was about to be discussed and decided in Parliament, from Hinrichs-Rahlwes, op. cit. note 115. 139 Younghein and Martinot, op. cit. note 117. Note that other US states integrating large shares of variable renewables include Texas and Colorado, from Edward Klump, “Texas, Colo. show how to integrate renewables as carbon plan looms – report,” Environment & Energy News, 10 June 2015, http://www.eenews. net/energywire/2015/06/10/stories/1060019943. 140 FTI Consulting, Global Wind Market Update—Demand & Supply 2015 (London: 2016), Wind Farm Owner-Operators, p. 2. Fewer and fewer developers are controlling more and more projects, from Teske, op. cit. note 14. 141 Towards the end of 2015, the Wiki-Solar Database included over 5,000 utility-scale projects (defined as 4 MWac and up) that represented more than 120 GW AC of solar generating capacity worldwide, from Wiki-Solar, “The Wiki-Solar Database,” http:// wiki-solar.org/data/index.html, viewed 29 March 2016; figures of 13.5 GW and at least 33 from Denis Lenardic, pvresources, personal communication with REN21, 29 February and 6 March 2016. 142 For CSP, see relevant section in Market and Industry Trends chapter; FTI Consulting, Global Wind Market Update-Demand & Supply 2015 Report (London: April 2016), Technology Overview. 143 Bill Girling, IHA, personal communication with REN21, 6 April 2016. 144 “In Bangladesh the solar home system market has grown at an astounding 60% compound,” Janamot24, 15 April 2015, http://www.janomot24.com/in-bangladesh-the-solar-homesystem-market-has-grown-at-an-astounding-60-compound/; Pantho Rahaman, “Bangladesh aims to be world’s ‘first solar nation,’” Reuters, 25 January 2015, http://in.reuters.com/article/ bangladesh-solar-idINKBN0KY0O220150125; IRENA, Off-Grid Renewable Energy Systems: Status and Methodological Issues (Abu Dhabi: 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/ Publications/IRENA_Off-grid_Renewable_Systems_WP_2015. pdf; Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania from M-KOPA, “300,000 East African homes now on M-KOPA,” press release (Nairobi: 13 January 2016), http://www.m-kopa.com/press-release/asantesana-300000-east-african-homes-now-on-m-kopa//; China, India and Nepal from Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI), India Energy Statistics Report 2015 (Delhi: 26 March 2015), http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/ upload/Energy_stats_2015_26mar15.pdf; Brazil from ANEEL, provided by Camila Ramos, Clean Energy Latin America, Brazil, personal communication with REN21, 10 April 2016; Guyana from “6000 homes in hinterland to receive solar panels,” Guyana Times, 26 February 2015, http://www.guyanatimesgy. com/2015/02/26/6000-homes-in-hinterland-to-receive-solarpanels/. 145 IEA Renewable Energy Technology Deployment (RETD), RE-PROSUMERS: Residential Prosumers – Drivers and Policy Options (Paris: September 2014), http://iea-retd.org/archives/ publications/re-prosumers. See also Solar PV section in Market and Industry Trends chapter. 146 United Nations Industry Development Organization, Industrial Prosumers of Renewable Energy: Contribution to Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development (Vienna: 2015), https:// www.unido.org/fileadmin/media/documents/pdf/Energy_ Environment/PROSUMERS_Energy.pdf. 147 See, for example, IndustRE website, http://www.industre.eu/, viewed 3 May 2016; European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport, “IndustrRE,” http://ses. jrc.ec.europa.eu/industre, viewed 3 May 2016. 148 Island and other remote communities from, for example: Rocky Mountain Institute and Carbon War Room, Renewable Microgrids: Profiles from Islands and Remote Communities Across the Globe (Boulder, CO: November 2015), http://www.rmi.org/Content/ Files/RMI-Islands-RenewableMicrogrids-FINAL-20151103. pdf; Jen MacCormack, “Renewable microgrids: a solution for remote communities,” EarthTechling, 13 January 2016, http:// earthtechling.com/2016/01/renewable-microgrids-a-solutionfor-remote-communities; Erica Martinson, “Alaska’s rural energy microgrids offer a prototype for powering the world,” Alaska Dispatch News, 15 February 2016, http://www.adn.com/ article/20160215/alaskas-energy-microgrids-offer-prototypepowering-world; Harald Schützeichel, “Off-grid is booming! But 196
ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which off-grid industry exactly?” Sun Connect, 11 November 2015, http://www.sun-connect-news.org/business/details/ off-grid-is-booming-but-which-off-grid-industry-exactly/. Malaysia and other developing countries from, for example: Jason Deign, “Inverter capabilities are the biggest limitation facing all-renewable microgrids,” Greentech Media, 28 September 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/ read/why-the-all-renewable-microgrid-is-still-a-way-off; Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development (GNESD), Renewable Energy-based Rural Electrification: The Mini-Grid Experience from India, prepared by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) (New Delhi: 2014), http://www.unepdtu.org/ PUBLICATIONS; REN21, SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (Paris: 2015), http://www.ren21.net/ wp-content/uploads/2015/10/REN21_SADC_Report_web.pdf. Energy independence and more-resilient from, for example: George M. Walsh, “Driven by power outages and savings, towns look to microgrid,” Associated Press, 7 February 2016, http:// abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/driven-power-outages-savingstowns-microgrid-36771915; Bob Fesmire, “Beyond backup power: The state of New York kicks off a competition that highlights the multi-faceted benefits of microgrids,” ABB, 20 August 2015, http://www.abb-conversations.com/2015/08/beyond-backuppower/; Robert Walton, “Inside the nation’s first renewables-plusstorage microgrid,” Utility Dive, 6 July 2015, http://www.utilitydive. com/news/inside-the-nations-first-renewables-plus-storagemicrogrid/401476/; Dick Munson, “Coast to coast and across the electric system, microgrids provide benefits to all,” Renewable Energy World, 14 May 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld. com/articles/2015/05/coast-to-coast-and-across-the-electricsystem-microgrids-provide-benefits-to-all.html; Julia Pyper, “US microgrid capacity will more than double by 2020 – and include a lot more renewables,” Greentech Media, 23 June 2015, http:// www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Microgrid-Capacity- Will-More-Than-Double-by-2020; Dan Boyce, “Military marches forward with microgrids,” net (Nebraska’s PBS and NPR Stations), 4 September 2015, http://netnebraska.org/article/news/989260/ military-marches-forward-microgrids. 149 See, for example, Solar PV and Wind Power sections in Market and Industry Trends chapter. 150 Tetsunari Iida, ISEP, Japan, “Energy democracy: accelerating structural energy change,” presentation at the International Symposium on Community Wind Power, WWEA, Bonn, Germany, 26 January 2016, http://www.wwindea.org/presentationsinternational-symposium-on-community-power/; Peter Rae, “Australia – status quo, problems and solutions,” presentation at International Symposium, idem; Cheryl Katz, “Surge in renewables remakes California’s energy landscape,” Yale e360 Digest, 26 May 2015, http://e360.yale.edu/feature/surge_in_ renewables_remakes_californias_energy_landscape/2879/. 151 Northern European countries include Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, from European Commission, “Spreading the Model of Renewable Energy Cooperatives,” 18 March 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/easme/en/ news/spreading-model-renewable-energy-cooperatives; Adilya Zaripova, “Finland to add more PV using community solar model,” PV Magazine, 29 April 2016, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/ details/beitrag/finland-to-add-more-pv-using-community-solarmodel_100024372/. 152 Long traditions from Boris Gotchev, “Civic participation in the Energiewende: what Germany can learn from Denmark,” EnergyTransition, 2 March 2015, http://energytransition. de/2015/03/danish-civic-participation-energiewende-lessonsfor-germany/; slowdowns from Chris Cooper, “A German energy crowd-funding start-up that aims to make community energy easy,” One Step Off the Grid, 29 October 2015, http:// onestepoffthegrid.com.au/a-german-energy-crowd-fundingstart-up-that-aims-to-make-community-energy-easy/; Paul Monaghan, “The highs and lows of community energy across Europe,” Renewables International, 21 January 2016, http://www. renewablesinternational.net/the-highs-and-lows-of-communityenergy-across-europe/150/537/92820/; Hinrichs-Rahlwes, op. cit. note 14. 153 See, for example: Julia Pyper, “Apple tackles supply-chain emissions with 2GW Clean Energy Initiative in China,” Greentech Media, 22 October 2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/ articles/read/Apple-Tackles-Supply-Chain-Emissions-with- 2GW-Clean-Energy-Initiative-in-Ch; Samantha Page, “9 massive US companies pledge to go 100% renewable,” Think Progress, 23 September 2015, http://thinkprogress.org/ climate/2015/09/23/3704565/more-big-businesses-pledge- 100-percent-renewable/; Michael Graham Richard, “IKEA to invest $680m in renewable energy to be ‘energy independent’ by 2020,” Tree Hugger, 18 June 2015, http://www.treehugger.com/ renewable-energy/ikea-invest-680m-renewable-energy-beenergy-independent-2020.html; GWEC, “Global businesses turn to wind power,” press release (Brussels: 15 June 2015), http:// www.gwec.net/global-businesses-turn-to-wind-power/; Feifei Shen, “Google to provide seed funding for renewable energy in Asia,” Renewable Energy World, 7 April 2016, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/04/google-to-provideseed-funding-for-renewable-energy-in-asia.html. 154 Business Renewable Center, BRC Newsletter, January 2016, http://www.rmi.org/business_renewables_center_ newsletter_002_jan_2016; Paolo Natali and Lily Donge, “5 ways to sustain the corporate renewables market,” RMI Outlet, 2 March 2016, http://blog.rmi.org/blog_2016_03_02_5_ways_ to_sustain_the_corporate_renewables_market; David Labrador, “Lockheed Martin signs its first major renewables deal for 30 MW of solar,” RMI Outlet, 5 February 2016, http://blog.rmi. org/blog_2016_02_05_lockheed_martin_signs_its_first_ major_renewables_deal; David Labrador, “First-time buyers are dominating corporate renewable purchasing,” RMI Outlet, 17 February 2016, http://blog.rmi.org/blog_2016_02_17_first_time_ buyers_are_dominating_corporate_renewable_purchasing; Peter Bronski, “5 major themes facing corporate renewable energy purchasing today,” RMI Outlet, 25 November 2015, http://blog. rmi.org/blog_2015_11_25_5_major_themes_facing_corporate_ renewable_energy_purchasing_today. 155 PPAs and leases from Sarah Beth Penndorf, “The renewable energy market is evolving. Here’s how,” RMI Outlet, 2 November 2015, http://blog.rmi.org/blog_2015_11_02_the_renewable_ energy_market_is_evolving_heres_how; developing their own from Cheryl Katz, “Surge in renewables remakes California’s energy landscape,” Yale e360 Digest, 26 May 2015, http://e360. yale.edu/feature/surge_in_renewables_remakes_californias_ energy_landscape/2879/; Brian Eckhouse, “Google buys 781 MW of wind, solar power in three nations,” Renewable Energy World, 3 December 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ articles/2015/12/google-buys-781-megawatts-of-wind-solarpower-in-three-nations; 25x’25, “Major global insurer enters US renewables market,” op. cit. note 62. 156 Labrador, “Lockheed Martin signs…,” op. cit. note 154. For other industrial and manufacturing companies, see Christina Nunez, “These old-school companies are going big with solar and wind,” National Geographic, 7 March 2016, http:// news.nationalgeographic.com/energy/2016/03/160307-topcompanies-buying-wind-and-solar-energy/. 157 Municipalities from, for example, “Which US cities lead on renewable energy use?” Sustainable Business, 30 October 2015, http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/index.cfm/go/ news.display/id/26455; US military from, for example, “Navy signs agreement for largest purchase of renewable energy by federal entity,” Solar Today, 20 November 2015, http:// solartoday.org/2015/11/navy-signs-agreement-for-largestpurchase-of-renewable-energy-by-federal-entity/, and from Camille von Kaenel, “Energy security drives US military to renewables,” Scientific American, 16 March 2016, http://www. scientificamerican.com/article/energy-security-drives-u-smilitary-to-renewables/; mines from, for example, Thomas Hillig, “Solar-, wind-diesel hybrid plants at remote mines as a target for investors,” Renewable Energy World, 4 November 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/11/ solar-wind-diesel-hybrid-plants-at-remote-mines-as-a-targetfor-investors, and from Thomas Hillig, “COP21: THEnergy sees mining companies prepare action plans against carbon measures at the Paris Climate Conference,” Renewable Energy World, 30 November 2015, http://blog.renewableenergyworld.com/ ugc/blogs/2015/11/cop21_thenergy_sees; Chile from Junko Movellan, “The 2016 Global PV Outlook: US and Asian markets strengthened by policies to reduce CO2,” Renewable Energy World Magazine, January/February 2016, pp. 34–40. 158 For Australia, see, for example, GreenPower website, http:// www.greenpower.gov.au/#, and EnergyAustralia, “Green Energy,” http://www.energyaustralia.com.au/residential/electricityand-gas/green-energy. Countries in Europe have included Austria, Belgium (Flanders), Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, per Joß Bracker, 01 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 197
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Country of Spain, the first commerc
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7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
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Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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Sharp - in the storage market by in
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Page 153 and 154: Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Page 165 and 166: Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Page 169 and 170: Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
Page 171 and 172: Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
Page 177 and 178: Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
Page 179 and 180: Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
Page 181 and 182: Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
Page 183 and 184: Table R25. National and State/Provi
Page 185 and 186: Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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