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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW<br />
personal communication with REN21, 25 April 2016; Germany is<br />
share of gross electricity consumption and a preliminary statistic,<br />
from BMWi, Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland…, op. cit. note<br />
87.<br />
123 Energinet, cited in Bec Crew, “Denmark just generated 140% of<br />
its electricity demand from wind power,” Science Alert, 15 July<br />
2015, http://www.sciencealert.com/denmark-just-generated-<br />
140-of-its-electricity-demand-from-wind-power; Clara Guibourg,<br />
“Germany just set a new record in renewable energy, with solar,<br />
wind, biomass and hydro accounting for 78pc of the country’s<br />
energy consumption,” Cityam.com, 31 July 2015, http://www.<br />
cityam.com/221429/germany-just-set-new-record-renewableenergy-solar-wind-biomass-and-hydro-accounting-78pc;<br />
Irfan,<br />
op. cit. note 103. In the United States, wind power reliably met<br />
more than 43% of electricity demand in Texas at one point, and<br />
18.4% of ERCOT’s (the state’s primary grid operator) total demand<br />
in November, from AWEA, “American wind power breezes<br />
past 70-gigawatt milestone,” 21 December 2015, http://www.<br />
awea.org/MediaCenter/pressrelease.aspx?ItemNumber=8255.<br />
Records also were met in other US regions in 2015 and early<br />
2016, from Michael Goggin, “The records keep falling: more new<br />
highs in wind energy output,” AWEA, 23 February 2016, http://<br />
www.aweablog.org/the-records-keep-falling-more-new-highsin-wind-energy-output/,<br />
from Herman K. Trabish, “Kauai co-op<br />
integrates over 70% solar, 90% renewables four times in January,”<br />
Utility Dive, 4 February 2016, http://www.utilitydive.com/news/<br />
kauai-co-op-integrates-over-70-solar-90-renewables-fourtimes-in-january/413303/,<br />
and from Chris Tanaka, “Kauai hits<br />
renewable energy milestone,” Hawaii News Now, 3 February<br />
2016, http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/31123999/<br />
kauai-hits-renewable-energy-milestone.<br />
124 China, India and South Africa from Martinot, op. cit. note 117.<br />
For example, China has worked to strengthen and extend<br />
transmission networks and to make coal plants more flexible;<br />
India has enacted measures that include transmission planning,<br />
forecasting of renewable output, strengthening transmission<br />
corridors for wind power, and regulatory measures for operation<br />
and scheduling of power markets; and South Africa is working<br />
to integrate a growing share of distributed solar power and to<br />
make its coal plants more flexible, all from idem, p. 5. Brazil from<br />
Steve Sawyer, GWEC, personal communication with REN21, April<br />
2016. See also Max Dupuy and Ranjit Bharvirkar, “Renewables<br />
in China & India: how two Asian giants struggle with inflexible<br />
power system operations,” Utility Dive, 26 April 2016, http://<br />
www.utilitydive.com/news/renewables-in-china-india-how-twoasian-giants-struggle-with-inflexible/418118/.<br />
For China, see also<br />
Barbara A. Finamore, “Big plans for integrating renewable energy<br />
into China’s electricity grid,” Huffington Post, 9 March 2016, http://<br />
www.huffingtonpost.com/barbara-a-finamore/big-plans-forintegrating_b_9421864.html.<br />
125 For further details, see, for example: Eric Martinot, op. cit. note<br />
117; Younghein and Martinot, op. cit. note 117; Martinot, op. cit.<br />
note 117; Miller et al., op. cit. note 114, pp. iv–ix. For examples of<br />
expanded transmission capacity in 2015, see, for example: David<br />
A. Lieb, “Renewable energy efforts stymied by transmission<br />
roadblocks,” Associated Press, 22 December 2015, http://<br />
bigstory.ap.org/article/0462fcffedd749c2a7e0e729be79d681/<br />
renewable-energy-efforts-stymied-transmission-roadblocks;<br />
Julien Toyer, “Brazil alternative energy projects threatened by<br />
Abengoa’s woes,” Reuters, 9 December 2015, http://planetark.<br />
org/wen/73993; BMWi, “Offshore-Netzausbau auf Kurs: Mehr<br />
Ausbau, geringe Haftungsumlage,” press release (Berlin: 19<br />
October 2015), http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/<br />
Redaktion/DE/Pressemitteilungen/2015/2015-10-19-offshorenetzausbau-auf-kurs-mehr-ausbau-geringe-haftungsumlage.<br />
html. Japan started four transmission line projects to boost wind<br />
power capacity in Hokkaido and Tohoku, from Steve Sawyer,<br />
GWEC, personal communication with REN21, 29 October 2015;<br />
Ilias Tsagas, “Chile’s new 600km long transmission line can<br />
boost renewables,” PV Magazine, 11 December 2015, http://www.<br />
pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/chiles-new-600kmlong-transmission-line-can-boost-renewables_100022420/;<br />
Jim<br />
Polson, “New York backs new transmission line to ease power<br />
prices, access renewable energy,” Renewable Energy World,<br />
18 December 2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/<br />
articles/2015/12/new-york-backs-new-transmission-lines-toease-power-prices-access-renewabl-energy;<br />
Monica Heger,<br />
“Scotland and Ireland consider a linked renewable energy future,”<br />
Spectrum IEEE, 25 September 2015, http://spectrum.ieee.org/<br />
energywise/energy/renewables/scotland-and-ireland-considera-linked-renewable-energy-future;<br />
“ABB wins $300m order to<br />
improve grid reliability in China,” Power Technology, 16 October<br />
2015, http://www.power-technology.com/news/newsabbwins-300m-order-to-improve-grid-reliability-in-china-4695721;<br />
“Alstom to build HVDC VSC converter stations for France-Italy<br />
link,” T&D World Magazine, 10 September 2015, http://tdworld.<br />
com/substations/alstom-build-hvdc-vsc-converter-stationsfrance-italy-link;<br />
Smiti Mittal, “India expands work on renewable<br />
energy transmission network,” CleanTechnica, 19 August 2015,<br />
http://cleantechnica.com/2015/08/19/india-expands-workrenewable-energy-transmission-network/;<br />
“ABB plays it smart<br />
in Sweden,” Renews Biz, 8 May 2015, http://renews.biz/88230/<br />
abb-plays-it-smart-in-sweden/; Ilias Tsagas, “Jordan to upgrade<br />
its network; accommodate more renewables,” PV Magazine,<br />
30 October 2015, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/<br />
beitrag/jordan-to-upgrade-its-network-accommodate-morerenewables_100021799/.<br />
126 ABB, “Skagerrak: An excellent example of the benefits that<br />
can be achieved through interconnections,” http://new.abb.<br />
com/systems/hvdc/references/skagerrak, viewed 1 May 2016;<br />
Zacks Equity Research, “ABB deploys Skagerrak 4 Link, sets<br />
new HVDC record – analyst blog,” Yahoo Finance, 13 January<br />
2015, http://finance.yahoo.com/news/abb-deploys-skagerrak-<br />
4-sets-155003603.html. See also Paul Brown, “Norway<br />
pumps up ‘green battery’ plan for Europe,” Climate News<br />
Network, 26 July 2015, http://www.climatenewsnetwork.net/<br />
norway-pumps-up-green-battery-plan-for-europe/.<br />
127 IHA, “Briefing: 2016 Key Trends in Hydropower” (London:<br />
March 2016), p. 3, https://www.hydropower.org/sites/default/<br />
files/publications-docs/2016%20Key%20Trends%20in%20<br />
Hydropower.pdf. Phase II of the project, completed in 2015<br />
according to some sources, increased the solar PV capacity at<br />
the plant from 320 MW to 850 MW. The solar PV plant is coupled<br />
directly to one of the four hydropower turbines, and an advancedcontrol<br />
system allows the turbine to regulate solar PV supply<br />
variability before dispatching to the grid, minimising the grid’s<br />
need for spinning capacity, maximising solar PV utilisation, and<br />
conserving water. See also State Power Investment Corporation,<br />
“World’s largest hydro/PV hybrid project synchronized,” 31<br />
December 2014, http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/NewsCenter/<br />
CorporateNews/201501/t20150116_242766.htm.<br />
128 Miller et al., op. cit. note 114, p. 44. Note that Spain’s system<br />
operator REE is able to control the dispatch of up to 96% of<br />
the country’s wind power fleet, from idem, p. 44. See also<br />
“Renewables key to grid stability,” Renews Biz, 21 May 2015,<br />
http://renews.biz/88948/renewables-hold-key-to-stability/.<br />
129 FS–UNEP Centre and BNEF, op. cit. note 41, p. 39.<br />
130 Ibid. p. 36. See also AECOM Australia Pty Ltd, op. cit. note 73;<br />
Herman K. Trabish, “Primer: The now and future impacts of<br />
energy storage,” Utility Dive, 20 October 2015, http://www.<br />
utilitydive.com/news/primer-the-now-and-future-impactsof-energy-storage/407099/;<br />
Aloke Gupta, “Two years in<br />
energy storage: then and now,” Greentech Media, 14 October<br />
2015, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Two-<br />
Years-in-Energy-Storage-Then-and-Now; Brian Eckhouse,<br />
“Batteries gaining favor over gas peaker plants in California,”<br />
Renewable Energy World, 22 December 2015, http://www.<br />
renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/12/batteries-gainingfavor-over-gas-peaker-plants-in-california.html.<br />
131 Figure of 145 GW of pumped storage from IHA, op. cit. note 127,<br />
pp. 1, 3.<br />
132 See, for example, AECOM Australia Pty Ltd, op. cit. note<br />
73; Andrew Burger, “France continues exploring energy<br />
storage,” Renewable Energy World, 1 July 2015, http://www.<br />
renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/07/france-continuesexploring-energy-storage.html;<br />
Eckhouse, op. cit. note 130;<br />
Tweed, “7 energy storage stories you might have missed in<br />
2015,” op. cit. note 73; Becky Beetz, “US, Japan and South<br />
Korea to install 1.4 GW of energy storage between 2015-16,” PV<br />
Magazine, 23 November 2015, http://www.pv-magazine.com/<br />
news/details/beitrag/us--japan-and-south-korea-to-install-<br />
14-gw-of-energy-storage-between-2015-16_100022090/;<br />
“Profiling stand-out renewable energy projects worldwide,”<br />
Renewable Energy World Magazine, November/December<br />
2015, p. 38; William Steel, “Europe’s largest battery energy<br />
storage project opens in Feldheim, Germany,” CleanTechnica,<br />
21 September 2015, http://cleantechnica.com/2015/09/21/<br />
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RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT<br />
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