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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW
personal communication with REN21, 4 April 2016; see also
Comité Consultivo de Energía 2050, Hoja de Ruta 2050: Hacia una
Energía Sustentable e Inclusiva Para Chile (Santiago: September
2015), http://www.energia2050.cl/uploads/libros/hojaderuta.pdf.
104 See Market and Industry Trends chapter. Lack of transmission
capacity from Rafael Figueiredo and Larry B. Pascal, “New
developments in Brazil’s solar power sector,” Renewable Energy
World, 18 February 2016, http://www.renewableenergyworld.
com/articles/2016/02/new-developments-in-brazil-s-solarpower-sector.
In Brazil, lack of sufficient transmission lines in
areas with the greatest wind power potential is one of the key
barriers to development, and Mexico faces transmission-related
challenges, from GWEC, op. cit. note 28, pp. 31, 59.
105 See Market and Industry Trends chapter.
106 Ibid.
107 Ibid.
108 Ibid.
109 Australia added 935 MW for a total of 5,065 MW, from IEA PVPS,
op. cit. note 87, p. 18; “Australian solar industry celebrates the
new year by ticking over 1.5m PV systems and one solar panel
per person,” SunWiz, undated, http://www.sunwiz.com.au/index.
php/2012-06-26-00-47-40/73-newsletter/384-australian-solarindustry-celebrates-the-new-year-by-ticking-over-1-5m-pvsystems.html.
110 Alicia Webb, Clean Energy Council Australia, personal
communication with REN21, April 2016.
111 Samoa from GWEC, op. cit. note 28, p. 16; Masdar, “The UAE
inaugurates three micro grid solar plants in Fiji,” press release
(Abu Dhabi: 18 February 2015), http://www.masdar.ae/en/media/
detail/the-uae-inaugurates-three-micro-grid-solar-plants-in-fiji.
112 Middle East Solar Industry Association, Middle East Solar Outlook
for 2016 (Dubai: 2016), p. 3, http://www.mesia.com/wp-content/
uploads/MESIA-Outlook-2016-web.pdf.
113 See Market and Industry Trends chapter.
114 Mackay Miller et al., Status Report on Power System
Transformation: A 21st Century Power Partnership Report (Golden,
CO: NREL, May 2015), pp. iv–ix, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/
fy15osti/63366.pdf. See also Sidebar 7 in GSR 2014. With regard
to markets, the merit dispatch order is challenged by near-zero
marginal cost renewables eating into wholesale prices, one
of the reasons that EU utilities lose money, from Nico Tyabji,
BNEF, personal communication with REN21, 9 April 2016. By one
estimate, the aggregated profits of 15 of the largest European
power companies (including EDF, Enel, ENGIE, E.ON, RWE,
Iberdrola, Vattenfall, EDP, Statkraft and Fortum) were close
to zero or negative in 2015, compared with billions of euros in
2010. These companies reduced their fossil fuel power portfolio
by something in the range of 20–25 GW and increased their
non-hydro renewables portfolio by about 5 GW (mainly wind
power, but increasingly solar PV as well), from Romain Zissler,
Japan Renewable Energy Foundation, personal communication
with REN21, 7 April 2016. See, for example, Bernd Radowitz, “RE
shine, but fossils force RWE to write-downs and lower guidance,”
Recharge News, 17 February 2016, http://www.rechargenews.
com/wind/1424156/re-shine-but-fossils-force-rwe-to-writedowns-and-lower-guidance.
115 Many players are investing in renewable energy at home as
long as renewables investment does not interfere with their
existing and often written-off assets; they also are investing in
renewables in other countries, where they are competing with
local incumbents, from Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes, EREF, personal
communication with REN21, 4 March 2016. Adapting business
models, by consolidating or splitting (e.g., E.ON), from Tyabji, op.
cit. note 114. Renewables face a barrier when competing against
existing power capacity, causing a bottleneck that requires new
regulations and changes to utility models, from Teske, op. cit. note
14.
116 See, for example, Evan Vaughan, “Utility executives in broad
agreement: the Clean Power Plan should remain,” AWEA, 23
February 2016, http://www.aweablog.org/utility-executivesin-broad-agreement-the-clean-power-plan-should-remain/;
Tom Käckenhoff, Christoph Steitz, and Vera Eckert, “Exclusive:
Germany’s RWE bets big on wind and solar in corporate
overhaul,” Reuters, 3 December 2015, http://www.reuters.com/
article/us-rwe-breakup-strategy-idUSKBN0TM1VF20151203;
Ian Clover, “Enel moves into Indian market with acquisition of a
stake in Bharat,” PV Magazine, 25 September 2015, http://www.
pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/enel-moves-into-indianmarket-with-acquisition-of-a-stake-in-bharat_100021250/;
Jessica Shankleman, “Enel targets Peru with $400 million of
wind solar investments,” Renewable Energy World, 22 February
2016, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/02/
enel-targets-peru-with-400-million-of-wind-solar-investments;
Tara Patel, “France utility considers acquisitions to expand
in renewables markets,” Renewable Energy World, 28 April
2015, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/
article/2015/04/france-utility-considers-acquisitions-to-expandin-renewables-market;
Anna Hirtenstein, “Enel has ambitions to
become world’s first giant green utility,” Bloomberg, 19 November
2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-19/enelhas-ambitions-to-become-world-s-first-giant-green-utility;
Gavin
Bade, “How America’s largest power company plans to become
a leading renewables developer,” Utility Dive, 30 June 2015,
http://www.utilitydive.com/news/how-americas-largest-powercompany-plans-to-become-a-leading-renewables-de/401539/;
Tino Andresen, “RWE’s u-turn on splitting forced by Merkel’s
love of green power,” Bloomberg, 1 December 2015, http://
www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-01/rwe-to-spinoff-partly-list-renewables-grids-retail-business;
Christoph
Steitz, “RWE takes minority stake in Conergy,” Reuters, 17
March 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/17/
rwe-conergy-idUSF9N0WF00320150317; “Vattenfall plans
wind splurge,” RENews, 2 May 2015, http://renews.biz/83650/
vattenfall-plans-wind-splurge/; Karl-Erik Stromsta, “Heavy RE
emphasis as Enel plots the next five years,” Recharge News, 20
March 2015, http://www.rechargenews.com/wind/1394982/
heavy-re-emphasis-as-enel-plots-next-five-years.
117 Eric Martinot, “Grid integration of renewable energy: flexibility,
innovation, experience,” Annual Review of Environment and
Resources 2016, February 2016 (prepublication version), http://
martinot.info/Martinot_AR2016_grid_integration_prepub.pdf;
Meredith Younghein and Eric Martinot, Beyond 33% Renewables:
Grid Integration Policy for a Low-Carbon Future (Sacramento, CA:
California Public Utilities Commission, November 2015), http://
www.CPUC.ca.gov/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=9141;
Miller et al., op. cit. note 114, pp. iv–ix.
118 Miller et al., op. cit. note 114, pp. iv–ix.
119 Ibid.; Martinot, op. cit. note 117.
120 Martinot, op. cit. note 114.
121 Eric Martinot, Grid Integration of Renewables in China: Learning
from the Cases of California, Germany, and Denmark, A White
Paper for the China Variable-Generation Integration Group
(Beijing: May 2015), www.martinot.info/Martinot_CVIG_2015_
DE-DK-CA.pdf; Martinot, op. cit. note 114. Overall, grids are
operating better than expected with rising renewable energy
shares, even in developing countries, per Sargsyan, op. cit. note
1. Grid operators in Denmark, “who 15 years ago would have
considered it impossible to run the grid stably with three-fifths
renewable supply, now achieve this routinely. They have become
among the world’s most adept at integrating diverse, distributed,
often variable, renewable resources. As a result, Danish electricity
supply is the most reliable in Europe,” from Laurie Guevara-Stone,
“A small country goes big with renewables: Denmark’s goal to
be fossil fuel free,” RMI Outlet, 2 March 2016, http://blog.rmi.org/
blog_2016_03_02_a_small_country_goes_big_with_renewables.
122 “New record-breaking year for Danish wind power,” Energinet,
15 January 2016, http://energinet.dk/EN/El/Nyheder/Sider/
Dansk-vindstroem-slaar-igen-rekord-42-procent.aspx; Portugal
from ENTSO-E Data Portal, https://www.entsoe.eu/db-query/
production/monthly-production-for-a-specific-country. Note
that solar PV met 23.2% of demand in the Portuguese mainland
and 22.1% including Portuguese Autonomous Regions, from
Susan Serodio, Associação Portuguesa de Energias Renováveis
(APREN), Portugal, personal communication with REN21, 6
April 2016. Uruguay Secretary of Energy, Ministerio de Industria,
Energía y Minería, personal communication with REN21, 29 April
2016; Terna, cited in Ilias Tsagas, “Solar PV provides 7.8 percent
of Italy’s electricity in 2015,” Renewable Energy World, 11 February
2016, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/02/
solar-pv-provides-7-8-percent-of-italy-s-electricity-in-2015;
Greece based on preliminary data from ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΟΣ ΑΓΟΡΑΣ
ΗΛΕΚΤΡΙΚΗΣ ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑΣ A.E., Μηνιαίο Δελτίο Ειδικού
Λογαριασμού ΑΠΕ & ΣΗΘΥΑ (Pireas: December 2015), provided
by Ioannis Tsipouridis, R.E.D. Pro Consultants S.A., Athens,
194