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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW
April 2016. Dubai, UAE’s tender was with the Dubai Electricity and
Water Authority for what was then the lowest-cost unsubsidised
electricity to date, just under USD 60/MWh, from “Modules,
large-scale PV see big price drop in 2010-2014,” PV Insider, 9
November 2015, http://analysis.pv-insider.com/pv-moduleprices-drop-80-below-2009-levels-czech-rep-reignites-homeuser-market.
Note, however, that the race for the lowest-ever
prices has some downsides that are seldom discussed. For
example, very low bids – such as the early 2016 Spanish auction
with wind onshore at zero Euros – cannot be explained solely by
cost reductions, but there is an element of strategic outcompeting
of new players through extremely low bids and then, at a later
date, increasing prices or not constructing projects at all (if
penalties are not high enough). Whereas incumbents can usually
afford to lose an auction or two, new and independent producers
cannot. Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes, EREF, personal communication
with REN21, 11 March 2016.
86 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit.
note 31, p. 16.
87 Rankings were determined by gathering data for the world’s
top countries for hydropower, wind, solar PV, CSP, biomass and
geothermal power capacity. See Market and Industry Trends
chapter and related endnotes for more detailed information.
Data from the following sources: China: Hydropower from
CNEA, National Electric Power Industry Statistics, in National
Energy Board, 15 January 2016, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2016-
01/15/c_135013789.htm; wind power from GWEC, op. cit. note 28,
p. 11; solar PV from CNEA, cited in China Electricity Council, “2015
PV-Related Statistics,” 6 February 2016, http://www.cec.org.cn/
yaowenkuaidi/2016-02-05/148942.html (using Google Translate),
and from IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2015 (Paris:
2016), http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/
statistics/IEA-PVPS_-__A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV_-_1992-
2015_-_Final.pdf; bio-power from China National Renewable
Energy Centre, provided by Amanda Zhang, Chinese Renewable
Energy Industries Association (CREIA), personal communication
with REN21, 26 April 2016, and from IRENA, op. cit. note 40;
geothermal power from GEA unpublished database, provided
by Benjamin Matek, GEA, personal communication with REN21,
March–May 2016; CSP from NREL, “Concentrating solar
power projects in China,” http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/
by_country_detail.cfm/country=CN, updated 17 February
2014, from CSP Today, op. cit. note 40, updated and viewed
continuously on numerous occasions leading up to 22 April 2016;
ocean power from Ocean Energy Systems (OES), Annual Report
2015 (Lisbon: April, 2016), http://www.ocean-energy-systems.
org. United States: Hydropower from US EIA, op. cit. note 31,
Table 6.2B; wind power from American Wind Energy Association
(AWEA), “US Wind Industry Fourth Quarter 2015 Market Report”
(Washington, DC: 27 January 2015), p. 1, http://awea.files.
cms-plus.com/FileDownloads/pdfs/4Q2015%20AWEA%20
Market%20Report%20Public%20Version.pdf; solar PV from
GTM Research and US Solar Energy Industry Association (SEIA),
“Solar Market Insight 2015 Q4: Executive Summary” (Washington,
DC: 9 March 2016), http://www.seia.org/research-resources/
solar-market-insight-2015-q4; bio-power from US Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC), “Office of Energy Projects
Energy Infrastructure Update for December 2015,” http://www.
ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2015/dec-infrastructure.pdf. Note
that bio-power data are lower according to data from US EIA,
Electric Power Monthly with Data for December 2015 (Washington,
DC: February 2016), p. 129, Table 6.1., www.eia.gov/electricity/
monthly/pdf/epm.pdf; geothermal from GEA database, op. cit.
this note; CSP from NREL, “Concentrating solar power projects
in the United States,” http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/
by_country_detail.cfm/country=US, updated 17 February
2014, from CSP Today, op. cit. note 40, updated and viewed
continuously on numerous occasions leading up to 22 April
2016, and from Parthiv Kurup and Craig Turchi, “NREL CSP Data
– US plants V2,” presentation (Golden, CO: NREL, 19 February
2016), p. 2; ocean power from OES, op. cit. this note. Brazil:
Hydropower based on data from Agência Nacional de Energia
Elétrica (ANEEL), “Resumo geral dos novos empreendimentos
de geração,” updated February 2016, http://www.aneel.gov.
br/arquivos/zip/Resumo_Geral_das_Usinas_março_2015.
zip wind power from GWEC, op. cit. note 28, p. 11, and from
WWEA, World Wind Energy Report 2015 (Bonn: May 2016); solar
PV and bio-power from ANEEL, “Banco de informações de
geração,” http://www.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/capacidadebrasil/
Combustivel.cfm, viewed 16 February 2016, provided by Maria
Beatriz Monteiro and Suani Teixeira Coelho, February 2016, and
from Becquerel Institute, April 2016. Germany: Hydropower
from Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi)
and Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-
Stat), Zeitreihen zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in
Deutschland, unter Verwendung von Daten der Arbeitsgruppe
Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat / Working Group
on Renewable Energy-Statistics), February 2016, p. 8, http://
www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/
zeitreihen-zur-entwicklung-der-erneuerbaren-energien-indeutschland-1990-2015.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6;
wind power from BMWi, Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland,
Daten zur Entwicklung im Jahr 2015 (Berlin: February 2016),
http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/
Downloads/erneuerbare-energien-in-zahlen-2015.pdf, and from
BMWi, Development of Renewable Energy Sources in Germany
2015, Statistical data from the Working Group on Renewable
Energy-Statistics (AGEE-Stat), as at February 2016, p. 17, http://
www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/
development-of-renewable-energy-sources-in-germany-2015.
pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=8; solar PV from BMWi,
Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland…, op. cit. this note; biopower
from BMWi, Development of Renewable Energy Sources in
Germany 2015, op. cit. this note; CSP from NREL, “Concentrating
solar power projects in Germany,” http://www.nrel.gov/csp/
solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=DE, updated 17
February 2014; CSP Today, op. cit. note 40, continuously updated
and viewed on numerous occasions leading up to 22 April 2016;
geothermal power from GEA database, op. cit. this note. Canada:
Hydropower from Statistics Canada, Table 127-0009, “Installed
generating capacity, by class of electricity producer,” http://
www5.statcan.gc.ca, from IHA, “2016 Key Trends in Hydropower”
(London: March 2016), http://www.hydropower.org, and from
IHA, personal communication with REN21, February–April 2016;
wind power from CanWEA, op. cit. note 84; solar PV from IEA
PVPS, op. cit. this note; bio-power from Michael Paunescu, Senior
Policy Advisor, Renewable Energy, Electricity Resources Branch,
Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada, personal
communication with REN21, 25 April 2016; CSP (pilot only) from
NREL, “City of Medicine Hat ISCC Project,” http://www.nrel.gov/
csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=278, updated 3
August 2015; CSP Today, op. cit. note 40, updated and viewed
continuously on numerous occasions leading up to 22 April 2016;
ocean power from OES, op. cit. this note.
88 China share based on data and references provided elsewhere in
this section.
89 Rankings for top countries for non-hydropower capacity based
on data provided in Endnote 87, and from the following: Japan:
Hydropower based on data from Japan Ministry of Economy
Trade and Industry (METI), “Announcement regarding the present
status of introduction of facilities generating renewable energy
as of October 30, 2015,” February 2016, provided by Hironao
Matsubara, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (ISEP),
personal communication with REN21, February 2016; wind power
from Japan Wind Power Association, “Installed capacity of wind
power generation at the end of 2015: 3,038 MW, 2,077 units,”
25 January 2016, provided by Matsubara, op. cit. this note, from
GWEC, op. cit. note 28, and from WWEA, op. cit. note 87; solar
PV from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 87; bio-power from METI, op. cit.
this note; geothermal power from ISEP, Renewables 2015 Japan
Status Report, January 2016, provided by Matsubara, op. cit. this
note (feed-in tariff data by end of October 2015, with total end-
2015 capacity estimated based on monthly installation. India:
Hydropower from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central
Electricity Authority, “All India Installed Capacity (in MW) of
Power Stations as on 31.12.2015 (Utilities),” http://www.cea.nic.in/
reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2015/installed_capacity-12.pdf,
from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity
Authority, “Executive Summary of the Power Sector (monthly),”
http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyarchive.html, from MNRE, op. cit.
note 31, both sources, and from Government of India, Ministry
of Power, Central Electricity Authority, “Executive Summary of
the Power Sector (monthly),” January 2016, http://www.cea.nic.
in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2016/exe_summary-01.
pdf; wind power from MNRE, op. cit. note 31, and from GWEC, op.
cit. note 28; solar PV from MNRE and Bridge to India, provided
by Shaurya Bajaj, Bridge to India, personal communication with
REN21, 13 April 2016; bio-power from MNRE, “Physical progress
(achievements) – up to the month of December 2015,” op. cit.
note 31; CSP from NREL, “Concentrating solar power projects in
192