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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW
bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2015-full-report.pdf.
Traditional biomass use in 2014 of 760 Mtoe assumes an increase
of 1 Mtoe from 2013 based on 2013 value of 759 Mtoe from IEA,
op. cit. note 2, pp. 348–49; 2012 value of 758 Mtoe from IEA,
World Energy Outlook 2014 (Paris: 2014), p. 242; 2013 value
“estimated at around 32 EJ” from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable
Energy Market Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), p. 244, https://www.
iea.org/bookshop/708-Medium-Term_Renewable_Energy_
Market_Report_2015. Modern bio-heat energy values for 2013
(industrial, residential, and other uses, including heat from heat
plants) of 321.7 Mtoe (13.468 EJ) based on combined value of
14.8 EJ estimated for all renewable heat, of which around 91%
is biomass, from IEA, idem, p. 243. Bio-power generation of
36.9 Mtoe (429.3 TWh), based on data from IEA, idem, p. 139,
except for the following countries: United States data from US
Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Monthly,
February 2016, Table 1.1.A, http://www.eia.gov/electricity/
monthly/current_year/february2016.pdf, and corrected for
difference between net and gross electricity generation; Germany
preliminary statistics from Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und
Energie (BMWi), Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland, Daten
zur Entwicklung im Jahr 2015 (Berlin: February 2016), https://
www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/
entwicklung_der_erneuerbaren_energien_in_deutschland_im_
jahr_2015.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=12 ; United Kingdom
from UK Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC),
"Energy Trends Section 6 – Renewables" (London: March 2016),
Table 6.1, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energytrends-section-6-renewables;
Government of India, Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), “Physical progress
(achievements) – up to the month of December 2015,” http://
www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/, viewed
1 February 2016; MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements) – up
to the month of December 2014,” http://www.mnre.gov.in/
mission-and-vision-2/achievements/, viewed 21 January 2015.
Wind power generation of 60.4 Mtoe (702 TWh) from IEA, idem,
pp. 164, 170. Solar PV generation of 18.3 Mtoe (212 TWh), from
IEA Photovoltaic Power System Programme (IEA PVPS), Trends
2015 in Photovoltaic Applications, Survey Report of Selected IEA
Countries Between 1992 and 2014 (Paris: 2015), Table 11, p. 57,
http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/national/
IEA-PVPS_-_Trends_2015_-_MedRes.pdf. CSP estimated at
0.7 Mtoe (8.2 TWh), based on the reported output of Spain and
the United States (7,393 GWh) and their share of global CSP
capacity in 2014 (91%), from Red Eléctrica de España (REE), El
Sistema Eléctrico Español, Avance 2015 (Madrid: 2015), http://
www.ree.es/sites/default/files/downloadable/avance_informe_
sistema_electrico_2015_v2.pdf, and from US EIA, op. cit. this
note, Tables 1.1A and 6.2B. Ocean power was 0.1 Mtoe (1.1 TWh),
from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015,
op. cit. this note, p. 158. Geothermal electricity generation of 6.3
Mtoe (73.5 TWh), from Ruggero Bertani, “Geothermal power
generation in the world 2010-2014 update report,” Proceedings
of the World Geothermal Congress 2015 (Melbourne, Australia:
19–25 April 2015). Hydropower of 334 Mtoe (3,885 TWh) from
BP, op. cit. this note. Solar thermal heating/cooling estimated
at 28.8 Mtoe (1.21 EJ), from Franz Mauthner, AEE-Institute for
Sustainable Technologies (AEE INTEC), Gleisdorf, Austria,
personal communications with REN21, April 2016, and from Franz
Mauthner, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür, Solar Heat
Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2014
(Gleisdorf, Austria: IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme
(SHC), 2016). Note that the estimate does not consider air
collectors. Geothermal heat (excluding heat pumps) estimated
at 6.3 Mtoe (0.26 EJ), based on 2014 value from John W. Lund
and Tonya L. Boyd, “Direct utilization of geothermal energy:
2015 worldwide review,” in Proceedings of the World Geothermal
Congress 2015, op. cit. this note. For liquid biofuels, ethanol use
was estimated at 47.8 Mtoe (2.05 EJ) and biodiesel use at 23.3
Mtoe (0.98 EJ), based on 94.5 billion litres and 30.4 billion litres,
respectively, from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market
Report 2015, op. cit. this note, pp. 260–61, and from F.O. Licht,
2016; conversion factors from US Department of Energy (DOE),
Alternative Fuels Data Center, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels.
Nuclear power generation was assumed to contribute 218 Mtoe
(2,537 TWh) of final energy, from BP, op. cit. this note.
32 Ibid.
33 Global use of traditional biomass is declining, but the pace is not
rapid, from Heinz Kopetz, World Bioenergy Association, personal
communication with REN21, 2 February 2016. In some places,
traditional biomass use is rising due to population increases
combined with economic development, which means that there are
more people and those people have more money to buy traditional
fuel, or that they turn to fossil fuels rather than using biomass
with modern technologies, from Adam Brown, Energy Insights,
Paris, personal communication with REN21, 2 February 2016.
Elsewhere, not even new fossil energy supply is gaining ground
because of policy instability, political insecurity and corruption, from
Ernesto Macías Galán, Alliance for Rural Electrification, personal
communication with REN21, 19 January 2016.
34 Galán, op. cit. note 33.
35 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit.
note 31.
36 Estimates of about two-thirds of final energy consumption and
54% of global greenhouse gas emissions based on IEA, Energy
Technology Perspectives 2015: Mobilizing Innovation to Accelerate
Climate Action (Paris: 2015), pp. 57, 98, http://www.iea.org/etp/
etp2015/. For details on policies by sector, see Policy Landscape
chapter.
37 See Market and Industry Trends chapter.
38 IEA, op. cit. note 2, p. 344.
39 Kopetz, op. cit. note 33; Teske, op. cit. note 14.
40 Heating and cooling from Werner Weiss, AEE INTEC, Gleisdorf,
Austria, personal communication with REN21, 23 February 2016;
turbulence from Sargsyan, op. cit. note 1; heating/cooling and
biofuels from Frankl, op. cit. note 1, and from Kopetz, op. cit. note
33. Figure 2 based on the following: See relevant sections and
endnotes for more details regarding 2015 data and sources.
Geothermal based on data from US Geothermal Energy
Agency (GEA), unpublished database, provided by Benjamin
Matek, GEA, personal communication with REN21, 11 May 2016;
and from Bertani, op. cit. note 31. Hydropower based on data
from the following: US EIA, “Table: Hydroelectricity Installed
Capacity (Million kilowatts),” www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/
iedindex3.cfm, viewed 30 April 2016; International Hydropower
Association (IHA), “2016 Key Trends in Hydropower” (London:
March 2016), http://www.hydropower.org; IHA, 2016 Hydropower
Status Report (London: May 2016), http://www.hydropower.
org; IHA, personal communication with REN21, February–April
2016. Solar PV based on data from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 31,
p. 60, from Gaëtan Masson, IEA-PVPS and Becquerel Institute,
personal communication with REN21, March–May 2016, and
from SolarPower Europe, Solar Market Report & Membership
Directory 2016 Edition (Brussels: April 2016). CSP based on
commercial facilities only (demonstration or pilot facilities are
excluded); global CSP statistics consolidated from the following
sources: CSP Today, “Projects Tracker,” http://social.csptoday.
com/tracker/projects, viewed on numerous dates leading up
to 23 March 2015; US National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL), “Concentrating solar power projects by project name,”
http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_project.cfm, viewed
on numerous dates leading up to 23 March 2015; Luis Crespo,
European Solar Thermal Electricity Association (ESTELA),
Brussels, personal communication with REN21, 21 February 2016;
REN21, Renewables 2015 Global Status Report (Paris: 2015), pp.
64–65, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/
REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf; IRENA, Renewable
Capacity Statistics 2016 (Abu Dhabi: 2016), p.32, http://www.irena.
org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Capacity_
Statistics_2016.pdf. Wind power based on data from GWEC, op.
cit. note 28, from FTI Consulting, Global Wind Market Update—
Demand & Supply 2015 (London: 2016), Demand-Side Analysis,
and from World Wind Energy Association (WWEA), World Wind
Energy Report 2015 (Bonn: May 2016). Solar water heaters
based on data from Mauthner, op. cit. note 31, and from Mauthner,
Weiss, and Spörk-Dür, op. cit. note 31. Ethanol and biodiesel
based on data from F.O. Licht’s World Ethanol & Biofuels Report,
25 April 2016, p. 277, and from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable
Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit. note 31, p. 261.
41 As measured by the Brent crude contract, oil prices fell from a
high of USD 115.71/barrel on 19 June 2014 to USD 27.10/barrel on
20 January 2016, a decline of 76%, from Frankfurt School–UN
Environment Programme Collaborating Centre for Climate &
Sustainable Energy Finance (FS–UNEP Centre) and BNEF, Global
Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2016 (Frankfurt: March
2016), p. 11, http://fs-unep-centre.org/publications/global-trendsrenewable-energy-investment-2016;
“Oil price fall blamed for
sharp rise in UK firms folding,” BBC, 25 January 2016, http://www.
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