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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW
unfccc-newsroom/finale-cop21/; Sargsyan, op. cit. note 1; Rainer
Hinrichs-Rahlwes, European Renewable Energies Federation
(EREF), personal communication with REN21, 3 February
2016; Sven Teske, University of Technology-Sydney, personal
communication with REN21, 1 February 2016; Steve Sawyer,
Secretary General, GWEC, personal communication with REN21,
15 December 2015.
15 White House, “US-China Joint Presidential Statement on Climate
Change” (Washington, DC: 25 September 2015), https://www.
whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/25/us-china-jointpresidential-statement-climate-change;
White House, “Fact
sheet: The United States and China issue Joint Presidential
Statement on Climate Change with new domestic policy
commitments and a common vision for an ambitious global
climate agreement in Paris,” press release (Washington, DC:
25 September 2015), https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2015/09/25/fact-sheet-united-states-and-china-issuejoint-presidential-statement.
16 Latvian Presidency of the Council of the European Union,
“Submission by Latvia and the European Commission on Behalf
of the European Union and Its Member States” (Riga: 6 March
2015), http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20
Documents/Latvia/1/LV-03-06-EU%20INDC.pdf; European
Parliament, op. cit. note 5.
17 Arthur Nelsen, “India unveils global solar alliance of 120 countries
at Paris climate summit,” The Guardian (UK), 30 November 2015,
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/nov/30/indiaset-to-unveil-global-solar-alliance-of-120-countries-at-parisclimate-summit;
“Working Paper on International Solar Alliance
(ISA),” http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/ISA-Working-
Paper.pdf, viewed 14 April 2016.
18 See, for example, Megan Rowling, “Rising number of local
governments set targets to cut emissions,” Reuters, 3 July 2015,
http://planetark.org/wen/73390.
19 Joshua S. Hill, “Africa launches 300 GW renewable energy
initiative,” CleanTechnica, 3 December 2015, http://cleantechnica.
com/2015/12/03/africa-launches-300-gw-renewable-energyinitiative/;
Becky Beetz, “COP21: African renewable energy
initiative launched, 300 GW 2030 target,” PV Magazine, 3
December 2015, http://m.pv-magazine.com/news/details/
beitrag/cop21--african-renewable-energy-initiative-launched--
300-gw-2030-target_100022277/.
20 Climate Vulnerable Forum, “World’s vulnerable open gateway to
climate safe future at Paris,” press release (Paris: 30 November
2015), http://www.thecvf.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/High-
Level-Meeting-1.pdf.
21 “Mille maires s’allient pour aller plus loin que l’Accord de
Paris,” Environnement Magazine, 7 December 2015, http://
www.environnement-magazine.fr/presse/environnement/
actualites/6276/linitiative-de-la-cop21/mille-maires-s-allientpour-aller-plus-loin-que-l-accord-de-paris;
Climate Summit
for Local Leaders, “Paris City Hall Declaration – A Decisive
Contribution to COP21” (Paris: 4 December 2015), http://www.
uclg.org/sites/default/files/climate_summit_final_declaration.
pdf; Teske, op. cit. note 14.
22 Ferroukhi, op. cit. note 1. See also Policy Landscape chapter for
this report. The Climate Group, “Compact of States and Regions,”
http://www.theclimategroup.org/what-we-do/programs/
compact-of-states-and-regions/, viewed 13 May 2016;
Under 2 MOU website, http://under2mou.org/.
23 McCrone, op. cit. note 3.
24 Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI), “Progress
outweighs uncertainty in Paris Climate Deal,” press release
(Washington, DC: 12 December 2015), http://www.eesi.org/
press-releases/view/good-outweighs-uncertainty-in-parisclimate-deal;
there were 2,034 companies as of 17 February
and 2,090 companies as of 12 May 2016, from NAZCA,
“Companies,” http://climateaction.unfccc.int/companies; White
House, “Fact sheet: White House announces commitments
to the American Business Act on Climate Pledge,” press
release (Washington, DC: 19 October 2015), https://www.
whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/10/19/fact-sheetwhite-house-announces-commitments-american-businessact;
White House, “White House announces additional
commitments to the American Business Act on Climate
Pledge,” press release (Washington, DC: 30 November 2015),
https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/11/30/
white-house-announces-additional-commitments-americanbusiness-act.
25 Steve Sawyer, “The Paris climate conference is over, but the
renewable energy transformation has kicked into high gear,”
Huffington Post, 17 December 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.
com/stevesawyer/the-paris-climate-confere_1_b_8813300.html.
As of late March 2016, RE100 included 56 companies based in
China, India, the United States and countries across Europe, from
RE100, “Companies,” http://there100.org/companies, viewed 28
March 2016.
26 See, for example: Sawyer, op. cit. note 25; Julia Pyper, “The world’s
biggest companies on why they buy renewables: ‘It’s a very clear
economic issue’,” Greentech Media, 30 October 2015, http://
www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/How-to-Get-Corporate-
Renewable-Energy-Deals-Done; Heymi Bahar, IEA, personal
communication with REN21, 8 February 2016.
27 IEA, op. cit. note 2, Executive Summary.
28 Global energy-related CO 2
emissions stayed flat for the second
consecutive year according to preliminary IEA data, from
IEA, “Decoupling of global emissions and economic growth
confirmed,” press release (Paris: 16 March 2016), http://www.iea.
org/newsroomandevents/pressreleases/2016/march/decouplingof-global-emissions-and-economic-growth-confirmed.html;
IEA,
Energy and Climate Change, World Energy Outlook Special Report
(Paris: 2015), http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/
publication/WEO2015SpecialReportonEnergyandClimateChange.
pdf; Fatih Birol, IEA, Preface in GWEC, Global Wind Report:
Annual Market Update 2015 (Brussels: April 2016), p. 6, http://
www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/vip/GWEC-Global-Wind-
2015-Report_April-2016_19_04.pdf. In 2015, global carbon
emissions declined even as the economy grew due to decreased
coal use in China, slower global growth in petroleum and faster
growth in renewables, from Robert B. Jackson et al., “Reaching
peak emissions,” Nature Climate Change (2015), http://www.
nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2892.
html. Since 2000, global CO 2
emissions have grown by an
average of 2.4% annually; the only decline in growth was in
2009, at the height of the global financial crisis, per Fred Pearce,
“Soaring global CO 2
emissions may have peaked, data show,”
Yale e360 Digest, 7 December 2015, http://e360.yale.edu/digest/
good_news_global_co2_emissions_fell_slightly_this_year_
study_finds/4603/. See also PBL Netherlands Environmental
Assessment Agency and European Commission Joint Research
Centre, Trends in Global CO2 Emissions: 2015 Report (Brussels:
November 2015), http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/news_docs/jrc-
2015-trends-in-global-co2-emissions-2015-report-98184.pdf. The
global economy grew 2.6% in 2014 and 2.4% in 2015, from World
Bank, Global Economic Prospects: Spillovers and Weak Growth
(Washington, DC: January 2016), p. xix, http://www.worldbank.
org/content/dam/Worldbank/GEP/GEP2016a/Global-Economic-
Prospects-January-2016-Spillovers-amid-weak-growth.pdf; global
GDP grew by 3.4% in 2014 and 3.1% in 2015, per International
Monetary Fund, cited in IEA, op. cit. this note. An upward revision
of China’s 2014 coal consumption partly explains why findings
exceed a flattening of global CO 2 emissions in 2014, as reported
by the IEA in 2015 and REN21 in the GSR 2015. See also Alister
Doyle, David Stanway, and Kathy Chen, “Exclusive: Chinese
coal data cast doubt on historic stalling of world CO 2 ,” Reuters,
16 September 2015, http://planetark.org/wen/73642, and IEA,
op. cit. note 2, p. 39. Note that China’s coal consumption was
down an estimated 5–8% in 2015, per Pearce, op. cit. this note,
and Alister Doyle, “Too early to hail dip in China’s CO 2 , despite
coal fall-study,” Reuters, 30 March 2016, http://planetark.org/
wen/74296.
29 Climate Transparency, Summary: G20 Climate Action – A Turning
Point? (Berlin: 2015), http://www.climate-transparency.org/
wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ClimTransp_Summary_2015.pdf.
30 IEA, Energy and Climate Change, World Energy Outlook Special
Report, op. cit. note 28; Climate Transparency, op. cit. note 29.
31 Estimated shares and Figure 1 based on the following sources:
total 2014 final energy consumption (estimated at 8,561 Mtoe)
based on 8,480 Mtoe for 2013 from IEA, World Energy Statistics
and Balances, 2015 edition (Paris: 2015), https://www.iea.org/
statistics/relateddatabases/worldenergystatisticsandbalances/
and escalated by the 0.95% increase in global primary energy
demand from 2013 to 2014, derived from BP, Statistical Review
of World Energy 2015 (London: 2015), http://www.bp.com/
content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2015/
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