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07 BELGIUM Scaling-up community energy The Belgian co-operative Ecopower is demonstrating how to initiate and scale up local community energy initiatives to create a wider community energy movement. Ecopower develops and funds renewable energy projects and now supplies 1.1% of all households in Flanders, Belgium with electricity. These projects enable citizens to invest in the generation and use of renewable electricity, which has resulted in the co-operative’s EUR 48 million in equity. Rather than focus on an individual community, Ecopower aims to spread community energy projects across the region. Flanders, Belgium | Created: 1991 | Members: 50,000 | Concept: universal local renewable energy projects
07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENERGY Citizens' involvement in the energy transition The concept of community renewable energy (community power, energy democracy i , prosumer and energy citizenship ii ) revolves around the idea of community ownership, participation and shared interest in renewable energy initiatives, although there is no widely agreed definition. 1 In community energy initiatives, citizens, social entrepreneurs and/or community organisations participate directly in the energy transition by investing in, producing, selling and distributing renewable energy or delivering energy services. Community energy may describe a geographic community or a community of interest, and may be in the form of shared renewable energy projects or small locally controlled gridconnected systems. 2 Common characteristics include: n Citizens running projects through communities, such as co-operatives or development trusts; n A co-operative, democratic or non-corporate structure in which individuals participate actively in decision making; n Tangible local benefits to people living or working close to projects; and n Profits returning to the community or being re-invested in other community energy schemes. 3 Community energy initiatives have existed since the middle of the 19th century. Such projects enable communities to share their resources and can be used to power small-scale industrial activities. It was not until the late 1970s, however, that community energy initiatives began to become more associated with modern renewables, beginning in Denmark with the Danish Wind Turbine Owners’ Association in 1978. Now many communities are turning to local renewable energy production. Most projects are focused on electricity generation, although examples also exist for heating and transport. Project feasibility and the choice of technology depend on the regulatory framework; the potential to export the power, heat or fuel produced (determined by regulations and the available infrastructure); and possible remuneration. 4 A wide range of services may be delivered, including the provision of infrastructure, energy distribution and grid management, renewable energy generation and energy provision to end-users. The extent of public participation in community renewable energy projects varies. Generally, the form that the initiative takes is determined by local needs and resources and the policy and regulatory environment. Consolidated data on community initiatives are very limited, particularly in the developing world, as information is decentralised and often is not collected at the local level. Nonetheless, community energy networks to share data and strategies are slowly being established at the national and regional levels in some countries. 07 i Energy democracy goes beyond national security of the energy supply to bringing energy resources and infrastructure under public or community ownership or control, from Gegenstrom 2012, www.gegenstromberlin.net, cited in https://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/sonst_ publikationen/Energy-democracy-in-Europe.pdf. ii Energy citizenship refers to the idea that citizens and communities can contribute more broadly to energy transitions when a wider consciousness of energy issues has been initiated. This encompasses the prosumer and community energy, but also citizens beginning to own or operate distribution grids, as well as supply and energy service companies, from ClientEarth, “Model Legal Frameworks for citizen-owned renewable energy,” http://www.clientearth.org/ reports/community-power-report-250614.pdf. RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 135
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Country of Spain, the first commerc
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7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
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Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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Sharp - in the storage market by in
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Page 89 and 90: through renewables-based mini-grids
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Page 93 and 94: INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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Page 97 and 98: in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
Page 99 and 100: 04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
Page 101 and 102: INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
Page 103 and 104: INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
Page 105 and 106: SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
Page 107 and 108: 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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Page 111 and 112: Specific commitments to renewable h
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Page 115 and 116: Three US states took steps to expan
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Page 119 and 120: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Page 123 and 124: 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
Page 125 and 126: MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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Page 137 and 138: ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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Page 141 and 142: Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
Page 143 and 144: Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
Page 145 and 146: Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
Page 147 and 148: Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Page 153 and 154: Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Page 159 and 160: Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Page 169 and 170: Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
Page 171 and 172: Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Page 179 and 180: Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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