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06 DENMARK Consumer-owned renewable district heating – the Danish cooperative model In Denmark, a large majority of district heating projects are owned by non-profit consumer co-operatives. In Ringkøbing-Skern, 5,000 consumers own and hold decision-making authority over the community’s solar district heating system, contributing to the community’s vision of becoming 100% self-sufficient through renewable energy by 2020. Ringkøbing-Skern, Denmark | Created: 2010 | Members: 5,000 | 15,000 m 2 solar thermal water collectors for district heating
06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIEW Energy efficiency i represents the opportunity to deliver more services for the same energy input, or the same amount of services for less energy input. 1 Conceptually, this is the reduction of losses at each stage of energy conversion, transport, transmission and use, from primary fuel extraction through final energy use, as well as other active or passive measures to reduce energy demand without diminishing the energy services delivered. Energy losses occur during extraction, generation, transmission, distribution and end-use in lighting, appliances, buildings, mechanical work, transport and industry contexts. Consequently, the areas for energy efficiency improvement and investment can occur anywhere along the chain of energy production and use, from primary energy to final energy required to perform the service. The year 2015 saw an increased emphasis on energy efficiency activities at the international, regional, national and sub-national levels. This was due to the recognition of energy efficiency’s key role in reducing energy-related emissions and in providing multiple economy-wide benefits – such as enhanced energy security, reduced fuel poverty and improved public health. By end-2015, at least 146 countries had enacted some kind of energy efficiency policy, while at least 128 countries had enacted one or more energy efficiency targets. 2 ( p See Figure 42.) Figure 42. Countries with Energy Efficiency Policies and Targets, 2015 Source: See endnote 2 for this chapter. 06 With policies and targets With policies, no targets (or no data) With targets, no policies (or no data) No policies/targets or no data 2016 i Renewable energy and energy efficiency are twin pillars of a sustainable energy future. Synergies exist between the two across numerous sectors. This means that the interaction of renewables and energy efficiency can result in an outcome greater than the sum of the parts. In recognition of the important linkages between renewable energy and energy efficiency, this topic was introduced as an annual chapter in GSR 2015. (See Feature in GSR 2012 for more on renewable energy–energy efficiency synergies.) RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 123
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Country of Spain, the first commerc
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7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
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Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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Sharp - in the storage market by in
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
Page 77 and 78: WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
Page 79 and 80: WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
Page 81 and 82: Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
Page 83 and 84: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 85 and 86: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 87 and 88: 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
Page 89 and 90: through renewables-based mini-grids
Page 91 and 92: India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
Page 93 and 94: INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
Page 95 and 96: The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
Page 97 and 98: in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
Page 99 and 100: 04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
Page 101 and 102: INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
Page 103 and 104: INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
Page 105 and 106: SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
Page 107 and 108: 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
Page 109 and 110: spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
Page 111 and 112: Specific commitments to renewable h
Page 113 and 114: Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
Page 115 and 116: Three US states took steps to expan
Page 117 and 118: volume requirements that were an in
Page 119 and 120: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 121: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 125 and 126: MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
Page 127 and 128: States, new dishwashers use 40% les
Page 129 and 130: 1990 and 2008, design-related effic
Page 131 and 132: The Green Climate Fund included in
Page 133 and 134: appliances, and the country also ha
Page 135 and 136: 07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
Page 137 and 138: ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
Page 139 and 140: e a successful means for addressing
Page 141 and 142: Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
Page 143 and 144: Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
Page 145 and 146: Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
Page 147 and 148: Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
Page 149 and 150: Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
Page 151 and 152: Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
Page 153 and 154: Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
Page 155 and 156: Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
Page 157 and 158: Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
Page 159 and 160: Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
Page 161 and 162: Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
Page 163 and 164: Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
Page 165 and 166: Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
Page 167 and 168: Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
Page 169 and 170: Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
Page 171 and 172: Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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