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05 INDONESIA Renewable energy benefits schools As part of an Indonesia-wide Greenpeace programme, the indigenous community of Ciptegelar village has electrified its school building, benefiting the 150 students. Eight solar home systems were installed, providing residential lighting to the entire community, helping to modernise its schools and education system. Indonesia, Ciptagelar School | Created: 2013 | Solar home systems | 800 W of solar PV capacity
05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all countries worldwide now have renewable energy support policies in place. As of year-end 2015, renewable energy policies could be found in 146 countries, up slightly from the 145 countries reported in the Renewables 2015 Global Status Report (GSR 2015) i . Countries around the world continue to develop new policy measures for renewable energy that remove barriers, attract investment, drive deployment, foster innovation and encourage greater flexibility in energy infrastructure. 1 (p See Table 4.) In 2015, renewable energy technologies were highlighted as a means to mitigate emissions and to adapt to the impacts of climate change in the lead-up to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris. Building on the goals of the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) initiative, the new Sustainable Development Goals adopted in 2015 include renewable energy and energy efficiency as important pillars of the global commitment to end poverty, protect the environment and ensure prosperity for all. 2 Policy makers at the national and sub-national levels continued to grapple with themes that have shaped renewable energy policy discussions in recent years, including revising existing mechanisms to keep pace with changing market conditions, creating new policies that respond to the technical and nontechnical challenges of higher renewable energy shares, and expanding renewable energy in the heating, cooling and transport sectors. Renewable energy for power generation continued to receive the majority of attention from policy makers in 2015. Some notable regional policy trends – explored in more detail in this chapter – include: n Africa: Several African countries increased their renewable energy targets in 2015; in many African countries, the targeted shares for renewables now rank among the highest in the world. The majority of the 15 ECOWAS member countries completed their National Renewable Energy Action Plans. n Asia and the Pacific: China and India both increased their renewable energy targets. Indian states were particularly active in expanding policies to promote renewable power deployment through the adoption of new net metering policies and the use of tendering. Multiple Pacific Island nations outlined ambitious visions for renewable energy deployment by introducing 100% renewable energy targets in 2015. n Europe: The EU adopted a new regionally binding target, calling for a minimum of 27% renewable energy in final energy consumption by 2030. Countries began to implement the EU policy shift from feed-in tariffs (FITs) to tendering mechanisms. In response to sustainability concerns, the European Commission introduced regulations on the use of firstgeneration biofuels to meet the region’s 2020 renewable transport goals. Support for renewable heat increased, including increased targets in France and new renewable heat incentive schemes in Eastern Europe. n Latin America and Caribbean: Countries across the region continued to establish some of the world’s highest targeted shares for renewable energy deployment. The region remains at the forefront of the use of competitive bidding for renewable energy project allocation, with many tenders attracting record-setting participation and low bid prices. n Middle East: Renewable energy tendering expanded across the region, with new tenders taking place in Iraq, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates. New support for renewable power projects was introduced through new net metering policies and new fiscal incentives. n North America: The US federal investment and production tax credits were extended. 05 South Africa garnered another impressive showing in the latest round of its renewable tendering programme and began using the same model to support biofuels. Many states expanded existing Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), including increased commitments from California and New York and the country’s first 100% RPS in Hawaii. The roll-back of net metering incentives, which began in 2014, continued in 2015. i All GSR estimates for the numbers of countries with policies and targets are based on the best information available to REN21 at the time. This chapter includes policy developments from calendar year 2015. RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 107
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Page 61 and 62: 7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 69 and 70: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
Page 77 and 78: WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
Page 79 and 80: WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
Page 81 and 82: Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
Page 83 and 84: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 85 and 86: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 87 and 88: 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
Page 89 and 90: through renewables-based mini-grids
Page 91 and 92: India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
Page 93 and 94: INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
Page 95 and 96: The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
Page 97 and 98: in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
Page 99 and 100: 04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
Page 101 and 102: INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
Page 103 and 104: INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
Page 105: SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
Page 109 and 110: spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
Page 111 and 112: Specific commitments to renewable h
Page 113 and 114: Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
Page 115 and 116: Three US states took steps to expan
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Page 119 and 120: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 121 and 122: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 123 and 124: 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
Page 125 and 126: MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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Page 133 and 134: appliances, and the country also ha
Page 135 and 136: 07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
Page 137 and 138: ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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Page 141 and 142: Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
Page 143 and 144: Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
Page 145 and 146: Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
Page 147 and 148: Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
Page 149 and 150: Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Page 153 and 154: Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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