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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS for solar power. Offshore wind had a breakthrough year in China, with nine projects financed for an estimated USD 5.6 billion. The country also invested significant sums in large-scale hydropoweri, commissioning 16 GW of new projects during the year, a large portion of which was projects >50 MW. 2 (p See Hydropower section in Market and Industry Trends chapter.) The United States, which invested USD 44.1 billion (including R&D), continued to be the largest individual investor among developed economies. The increase was due primarily to utilityscale and rooftop solar PV. In terms of finance types, venture capital and private equity finance for renewables increased to USD 2.2 billion. Asset finance of utility-scale renewable energy projects rose 31% to USD 24.4 billion – solar increased 37% (USD 13 billion) and wind was up 24% (USD 10.6 billion). The rebound in wind asset finance and utility-scale solar PV investment in 2015 was driven largely by the on-off saga of national investment and production tax credits during the previous year. Japan’s investment of USD 36.2 billion (excluding R&D) remained relatively unchanged from 2014. Approximately 88% of total investment went to small-scale solar PV projects, driven by the country’s generous solar feed-in tariff. Japan accounted for most of the investment in the Pacific, excluding China and India, where investment was USD 47.6 billion, slightly below the 2014 total. The United Kingdom saw a considerable rise (25%) in renewable energy investments – particularly for solar PV and wind power (both offshore and onshore) – to USD 22.2 billion (excluding R&D). Wind power was again the country’s best-performing sector, with USD 10.5 billion for offshore projects. This compared with USD 1.8 billion invested in small-scale solar PV. Brazil invested USD 7.1 billion in renewables, with wind power asset finance up 46% over 2014 to USD 5.7 billion; solar power projects received USD 657 million. Elsewhere in the Americas (beyond Brazil and the United States), investment fell 3% to USD 12.8 billion. However, some countries saw significant growth. Mexico and Chile saw asset finance increase to USD 3.9 billion (more than doubling) and USD 3.4 billion (up 141%), respectively, and ranked ninth and tenth globally for total investment. Chile led the region for solar power by a large margin, investing USD 2.2 billion in the sector. Other Latin American countries with significant renewable energy investment were Uruguay (USD 1.1 billion), Honduras (USD 567 million), Jamaica (USD 167 million), Peru (USD 155 million) and the Dominican Republic (USD 129 million). The Middle East and Africa saw investment increase from less than USD 1 billion in 2004 to a record USD 12.5 billion in 2015, thanks partly to South Africa’s successful Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Programme (REIPPP). In South Africa, investment rebounded to USD 4.5 billion, up from USD 1 billion in 2014. Much of the investment in renewable energy occurred in the first quarter of 2015, which resulted from a delay in the financial close of the remaining projects from the Round 3 auction that occurred in 2014. The second largest investor in Africa was Morocco (USD 2 billion), followed by Kenya (USD 357 million), Uganda (USD 134 million) and Ethiopia (USD 100 million). Investment in India increased for the second consecutive year, for a total of USD 10.2 billion in 2015. India’s increase was due to a jump in utility-scale solar power financing, which reached USD 4.6 billion, up 75% on the previous year, a direct result of the new Indian government’s increased focus on renewable energy. USD 4.1 billion of asset finance was invested in wind power, an increase of 17% compared to 2014. Apart from China, Japan and India, Thailand was the only other country in Asia to reach USD 1 billion in asset finance for renewables. Thailand was followed by the Philippines (USD 798 million), Pakistan (USD 723 million), the Republic of Korea (USD 395 million), Vietnam (USD 248 million) and Kazakhstan (USD 101 million). Germany, which ranked sixth globally for total investment, saw overall financing fall by 46%, to USD 8.5 billion. This decline was a result of the changing policy framework. (p See Policy Landscape chapter.) The total would have been even lower if not for investment in two large offshore wind projects, totalling USD 3.4 billion. Once Europe’s engine of growth for small-scale distributed solar PV, Germany saw its investment in this sector contract by 57% in 2015, to USD 1.3 billion. Europe in general saw investment fall 21% to its lowest total since 2006. i The Chinese government estimates that China invested USD 12 billion (CNY 78 billion) in 2015, down 17% from 2014, including hydropower facilities of all sizes, per National Energy Agency of China, National Electric Power Industry Statistics, sourced from the National Energy Board, 15 January 2016, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2016-01/15/c_135013789.htm; and National Energy Administration of China, National Electric Power Industry Statistics, sourced from the National Energy Board, 16 January 2015, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2015-01/16/c_133923477.htm. 102
INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar power was again the leading sector by far in terms of new investment committed during 2015, accounting for USD 161 billion, or more than 56% of total new investment in renewable power and fuels (not including hydropower >50 MW). Investment in solar power was up 12% over 2014. Wind power followed with USD 109.6 billion, or 38.3% of the total (up 4%). The remaining 5.7% was made up of biomass and waste-to-energy i (USD 6 billion), biofuels (USD 3.1 billion), small-scale hydropower (
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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Page 53 and 54: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 69 and 70: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
Page 77 and 78: WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
Page 79 and 80: WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
Page 81 and 82: Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
Page 83 and 84: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Page 87 and 88: 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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Page 93 and 94: INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
Page 95 and 96: The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
Page 97 and 98: in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
Page 99 and 100: 04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
Page 101: INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
Page 105 and 106: SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
Page 107 and 108: 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
Page 109 and 110: spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
Page 111 and 112: Specific commitments to renewable h
Page 113 and 114: Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
Page 115 and 116: Three US states took steps to expan
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Page 119 and 120: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 121 and 122: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 123 and 124: 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
Page 125 and 126: MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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Page 141 and 142: Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Page 145 and 146: Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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