Development of a novel mechatronic system for mechanical weed ...

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Introduction application that had previously been limited to small fields with high value crops has been introduced into the mainstream of major field crops and became the standard practice in the 1970's. Realizing the negative influences of agrochemicals on the environment as a global ecosystem, awareness and concern about their use have increased in the past twenty years. Accordingly, the EU has taken legislative steps to limit the future use of pesticides. In the context, particular definition of pesticides includes pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, different growth regulators and other substances. In 1991, the EU Directive 91/414 was introduced, providing a common method for evaluation of the pesticides approval according to their safety. Currently there is a list of 1,026 active ingredients which are being thoroughly tested and hundreds have already been banned. The Statistical Office of the European Communities - EUROSTAT, collects and keeps many information about the use of pesticides over the past fifteen years. It recorded that the sales of active pesticide ingredients within the EU countries in 1992 totalled 295,173 t (DRAFT EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM 2002). This number rose further to 322,315 t in 1998 (DRAFT EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM 2002), 332,806 t in 2000, and sank to 327,280 t in 2002 (EUROSTAT 2006). 4 Active ingedient [t] 125,000 120,000 115,000 110,000 105,000 100,000 95,000 90,000 85,000 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 [Year] Figure 1.1 Total quantity of herbicides sold in the 15 EU states in the period from 1992 to 2001 (EUROSTAT 2006)
Introduction The largest purchaser of pesticides in 2002 was France, with 99,635 t, followed closely by Italy with 94,711 t. In the period 1992-2000, average annual increase in use of pesticides was steady at about 1.6%. Between 2000 and 2002, consumption actually fell by just under 1% each year. Among other active substances, pesticides include herbicides, whose application can be decreased by intensifying the mechanical weed control. The total consumption of herbicides in 15 EU states and some member states are presented in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2. Active ingredients [t] 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 F UK D E I NL A 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 [Year] Figure 1.2 Total quantity of herbicides sold in some of the EU member states in the period from 1990 to 2001 (F – France, UK – United Kingdom, D – Germany, E – Spain, I – Italy, NL – Netherlands, A – Austria) (EUROSTAT 2006) Considering the attitude of decision makers it is obvious that application of pesticides will be even stricter regulated in the coming years. By the year 2008 the EU plans on having finished its analysis of 1,026 active ingredients under Directive 91/414. As a result, hundreds of pesticides currently in use will be taken off the market and manufacturers and farmers will be forced to choose only active ingredients appearing in Annex 1 of the Directive. Also, as of 2006 plans are underway to construct new legislation for pesticides. The European Commission published a new proposal in July 2006 as a first step for replacing Directive 91/414. A significant proposed change includes removing the system of provisional nation authorisations which allow countries to self-approve a pesticide before the EU has completed their valuation. Another change would 5
Page 1 and 2: Institut für Landtechnik der Rhein
Page 3 and 4: Development of a novel mechatronic
Page 5 and 6: Kurzfassung Entwicklung eines neuar
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements Acknowledgements M
Page 9 and 10: Table of contents Table of contents
Page 11 and 12: Glossary of abbreviations and symbo
Page 13 and 14: Symbol Unit Description Mmmax Nm Ma
Page 15 and 16: Symbol Unit Description Glossary of
Page 17: ωold ωout rad s -2 Latest rotatio
Page 20 and 21: Introduction The most frequently us
Page 24 and 25: Introduction be to go from a system
Page 26 and 27: Introduction limited and environmen
Page 28 and 29: Introduction than 40 years before g
Page 30 and 31: Introduction techniques. It is know
Page 32 and 33: Introduction Sowing and planting al
Page 34 and 35: Introduction Inter-row weeding syst
Page 36 and 37: Introduction 18 Figure 1.3 Inter-ro
Page 38 and 39: State of the art 20 Figure 2.1 a) F
Page 40 and 41: State of the art cylinder rotates a
Page 42 and 43: State of the art 1998). This device
Page 44 and 45: State of the art 26 2.2 Detection o
Page 46 and 47: State of the art The fluorescence s
Page 48 and 49: Definition of the problem and resea
Page 51 and 52: 4 Materials and methods 4.1 Detecti
Page 53 and 54: Materials and methods Figure 4.1 a)
Page 55 and 56: Materials and methods Figure 4.3 a)
Page 57 and 58: 4.1.2 Data acquisition 4.1.2.1 Hard
Page 59 and 60: 4.1.4 Test objects Materials and me
Page 61 and 62: Materials and methods become a poss
Page 63 and 64: Materials and methods environments
Page 65 and 66: Materials and methods dimensions ne
Page 67 and 68: Materials and methods (PFM). As the
Page 69 and 70: Materials and methods A command sig
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Materials and methods Another tool
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Results and discussion 58 Figure 5.
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Results and discussion objects. Acc
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Results and discussion Plant positi
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Results and discussion Plant positi
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Results and discussion 70 5.1.4 Dis
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Results and discussion Connection b
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Results and discussion 76 5.2.1 Opt
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Results and discussion xmi1 = ( RLA
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Results and discussion With the inv
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Results and discussion 82 Horizonta
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Results and discussion 84 5.2.4 Sel
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Results and discussion 86 5.2.5 Dis
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Results and discussion Conventional
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Results and discussion Since the fi
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Results and discussion To avoid con
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Results and discussion As the size
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Results and discussion 96 5.3.4 Alg
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Results and discussion 98 V = zc( t
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Results and discussion corresponds
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Results and discussion 102 5.3.6 Me
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Results and discussion hoeing accur
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Results and discussion between the
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Results and discussion distance fro
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Results and discussion Distribution
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Results and discussion cuts are ran
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Results and discussion Forward spee
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Results and discussion x [mm] Distr
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Results and discussion The experime
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6 Summary Summary Neither a mechani
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Summary The third part of the work
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7 Conclusions Conclusions The prese
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8 References References Agrios, G.
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References in California's Sacramen
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References Johnson, W C and Mullini
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References Schans, D. v. d. et al.
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List of figures List of figures Fig
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List of figures Figure 5.24 Scheme
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Plant position 9 Appendix Table 9.1
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Plant position Table 9.3 Detection
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Personal data Education About the a
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