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A continuing focus on the goal of universal energy access Despite progress in the past year, nearly 1.3 billion people remain without access to electricity and 2.6 billion do not have access to clean cooking facilities. Ten countries - four in developing Asia and six in sub-Saharan Africa - account for two-thirds of those people without electricity and just three countries - India, China and Bangladesh - account for more than half of those without clean cooking facilities. While the Rio+20 Summit did not result in a binding commitment towards universal modern energy access by 2030 ; the UN Year of Sustainable Energy for All has generated welcome new commitments towards this goal. But much more is required. In the absence of further action, we project that nearly one billion people will be without electricity and 2.6 billion people will still be without clean cooking facilities in 2030. We estimate that nearly $1 trillion in cumulative investment is needed to achieve universal energy access by 2030. We present an Energy Development Index (EDI) for 80 countries, to aid policy makers in tracking progress towards providing modern energy access. The EDI is a composite index that measures a country's energy development at the household and community level. It reveals a broad improvement in recent years, with China, Thailand, El Salvador, Argentina, Uruguay, Vietnam and Algeria showing the greatest progress. There are also a number of countries whose EDI scores remain low, such as Ethiopia, Liberia, Rwanda, Guinea, Uganda and Burkina Faso. The sub-Saharan Africa region scores least well, dominating the lower half of the rankings. Energy is becoming a thirstier resource Water needs for energy production are set to grow at twice the rate of energy demand. Water is essential to energy production: in power generation; in the extraction, transport and processing of oil, gas and coal; and, increasingly, in irrigation for crops used to produce biofuels. We estimate that water withdrawals for energy production in 2010 were 583 billion cubic metres (bcm). Of that, water consumption - the volume withdrawn but not returned to its source - was 66 bcm. The projected rise in water consumption of 85% over the period to 2035 reflects a move towards more water-intensive power generation and expanding output of biofuels. Water is growing in importance as a criterion for assessing the viability of energy projects, as population and economic growth intensify competition for water resources. In some regions, water constraints are already affecting the reliability of existing operations and they will increasingly impose additional costs. In some cases, they could threaten the viability of projects. The vulnerability of the energy sector to water constraints is widely spread geographically, affecting, among others, shale gas development and power generation in parts of China and the United States, the operation of India's highly water-intensive fleet of power plants, Canadian oil sands production and the maintenance of oil-field pressures in Iraq. Managing the energy sector's water vulnerabilities will require deployment of better technology and greater integration of energy and water policies. Executive Summary 7 App. 337
On bookshop International Energy Agency Oj / online: o Oj m n> www.iea. org/books era PDF versions available "^S & % Buy iEA publications at 20% discount Books published before January 2011 ^ - except statistics publications - ^ are freely available in pdf o. •*9p ans c edex 15, France App. 338
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Than 12,500 Massachusetts Consumers
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