comm-appendix-support-cross

Summary for Policymakers
Near-term reductions in energy demand are an important element of cost-effective mitigation strategies, provide more
flexibility for reducing carbon intensity in the energy supply sector, hedge against related supply-side risks, avoid lock-in to
carbon-intensive infrastructures, and are associated with important co-benefits. The most cost-effective mitigation options in
forestry are afforestation, sustainable forest management and reducing deforestation, with large differences in their relative
importance across regions; and in agriculture, cropland management, grazing land management and restoration of organic
soils {medium evidence, high agreement). {4.3, Figures 4.1,4.2, Table 4.3}
Behaviour, lifestyle and culture have a considerable influence on energy use and associated emissions, with high mitigation
potential in some sectors, in particular when complementing technological and structural change {medium evidence, medium
agreement). Emissions can be substantially lowered through changes in consumption patterns, adoption of energy savings
measures, dietary change and reduction in food wastes, {4.1, 4.3}
SPM
SPM 4.4
Policy approaches for adaptation and mitigation, technology and finance
Effective adaptation and mitigation responses will depend on policies and measures across
multiple scales: international, regional, national and sub-national. Policies across all scales
supporting technology development, diffusion and transfer, as well as finance for responses
to climate change, can complement and enhance the effectiveness of policies that directly
promote adaptation and mitigation. {4.4}
International cooperation is critical for effective mitigation, even though mitigation can also have local co-benefits. Adaptation
focuses primarily on local to national scale outcomes, but its effectiveness can be enhanced through coordination across
governance scales, including international cooperation: {3.1, 4.4.1}
• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the main multilateral forum focused on
addressing climate change, with nearly universal participation. Other institutions organized at different levels of governance
have resulted in diversifying international climate change cooperation. {4.4.1}
• The Kyoto Protocol offers lessons towards achieving the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC, particularly with respect to
participation, implementation, flexibility mechanisms and environmental effectiveness {medium evidence, low agreement).
{4.4.1}
• Policy linkages among regional, national and sub-national climate policies offer potential climate change mitigation benefits
{medium evidence, medium agreement). Potential advantages include lower mitigation costs, decreased emission
leakage and increased market liquidity./4.4. Jj
• International cooperation for supporting adaptation planning and implementation has received less attention historically
than mitigation but is increasing and has assisted in the creation of adaptation strategies, plans and actions at the
national, sub-national and local level {high confidence). {4.4.1}
There has been a considerable increase in national and sub-national plans and strategies on both adaptation and mitigation
since the AR4, with an increased focus on policies designed to integrate multiple objectives, increase co-benefits and reduce
adverse side effects {high confidence):'{4.4.2.1, 4.4.2.2}
• National governments play key roles in adaptation planning and implementation {robust evidence, high agreement)
through coordinating actions and providing frameworks and support. While local government and the private sector
have different functions, which vary regionally, they are increasingly recognized as critical to progress in adaptation,
given their roles in scaling up adaptation of communities, households and civil society and in managing risk information
and financing {medium evidence, high agreement). {4.4.2.1}
• Institutional dimensions of adaptation governance, including the integration of adaptation into planning and decisionmaking,
play a key role in promoting the transition from planning to implementation of adaptation {robust evidence,
App. 477
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