comm-appendix-support-cross

Summary for Policymakers
entail numerous uncertainties, side effects, risks and shortcomings and has particular governance and ethical implications.
SRM would not reduce ocean acidification. If it were terminated, there is high confidence that surface temperatures would
rise very rapidly impacting ecosystems susceptible to rapid rates of change. {Box 3.3}
SPM 4.
Adaptation and Mitigation
Many adaptation and mitigation options can help address climate change, but no single
option is sufficient by itself. Effective implementation depends on policies and cooperation at
all scales and can be enhanced through integrated responses that link adaptation and mitigation
with other societal objectives. {4}
SPM 4.1
Common enabling factors and constraints for adaptation and mitigation responses
Adaptation and mitigation responses are underpinned by common enabling factors. These
include effective institutions and governance, innovation and investments in environmentally
sound technologies and infrastructure, sustainable livelihoods and behavioural and lifestyle
choices. {4.1}
Inertia in many aspects of the socio-economic system constrains adaptation and mitigation options {medium evidence, high
agreement). Innovation and investments in environmentally sound infrastructure and technologies can reduce GHG emissions
and enhance resilience to climate change (very high confidence). {4.1}
Vulnerability to climate change, GHG emissions and the capacity for adaptation and mitigation are strongly influenced by
livelihoods, lifestyles, behaviour and culture {medium evidence, medium agreement). Also, the social acceptability and/or
effectiveness of climate policies are influenced by the extent to which they incentivize or depend on regionally appropriate
changes in lifestyles or behaviours, {4.1}
For many regions and sectors, enhanced capacities to mitigate and adapt are part of the foundation essential for managing
climate change risks {high confidence). Improving institutions as well as coordination and cooperation in governance can help
overcome regional constraints associated with mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk reduction {very high confidence). {4.1}
SPM 4.2
Response options for adaptation
Adaptation options exist in all sectors, but their context for implementation and potential to
reduce climate-related risks differs across sectors and regions. Some adaptation responses
involve significant co-benefits, synergies and trade-offs. Increasing climate change will
increase challenges for many adaptation options. {4.2}
Adaptation experience is accumulating across regions in the public and private sectors and within communities. There is
increasing recognition of the value of social (including local and indigenous), institutional, and ecosystem-based measures
and of the extent of constraints to adaptation. Adaptation is becoming embedded in some planning processes, with more
limited implementation of responses {high confidence). {1.6, 4.2,4.4.2.1}
The need for adaptation along with associated challenges is expected to increase with climate change {very high confidence).
Adaptation options exist in all sectors and regions, with diverse potential and approaches depending on their context in
vulnerability reduction, disaster risk management or proactive adaptation planning (Table SPM.3). Effective strategies and
actions consider the potential for co-benefits and opportunities within wider strategic goals and development plans, {4.2}
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