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Summary for Policymakers SPM 3. Future Pathways for Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable Development Adaptation and mitigation are complementary strategies for reducing and managing the risks of climate change. Substantial emissions reductions over the next few decades can reduce climate risks in the 21st century and beyond, increase prospects for effective adaptation, reduce the costs and challenges of mitigation in the longer term and contribute to climate-resilient pathways for sustainable development. {3.2,3.3,3.4} SPM 3.1 Foundations of decision-making about climate change Effective decision-making to limit climate change and its effects can be informed by a wide range of analytical approaches for evaluating expected risks and benefits, recognizing the importance of governance, ethical dimensions, equity, value judgments, economic assessments and diverse perceptions and responses to risk and uncertainty. {3.1} Sustainable development and equity provide a basis for assessing climate policies. Limiting the effects of climate change is necessary to achieve sustainable development and equity, including poverty eradication. Countries' past and future contributions to the accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere are different, and countries also face varying challenges and circumstances and have different capacities to address mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation and adaptation raise issues of equity, justice and fairness. Many of those most vulnerable to climate change have contributed and contribute little to GHG emissions. Delaying mitigation shifts burdens from the present to the future, and insufficient adaptation responses to emerging impacts are already eroding the basis for sustainable development. Comprehensive strategies in response to climate change that are consistent with sustainable development take into account the co-benefits, adverse side effects and risks that may arise from both adaptation and mitigation options. {3.1,3.5, Box 3.4} The design of climate policy is influenced by how individuals and organizations perceive risks and uncertainties and take them into account. Methods of valuation from economic, social and ethical analysis are available to assist decision-making. These methods can take account of a wide range of possible impacts, including low-probability outcomes with large consequences. But they cannot identify a single best balance between mitigation, adaptation and residual climate impacts. {3.1} Climate change has the characteristics of a collective action problem at the global scale, because most GHGs accumulate over time and mix globally, and emissions by any agent (e.g., individual, community, company, country) affect other agents. Effective mitigation will not be achieved if individual agents advance their own interests independently. Cooperative responses, including international cooperation, are therefore required to effectively mitigate GHG emissions and address other climate change issues. The effectiveness of adaptation can be enhanced through complementary actions across levels, including international cooperation. The evidence suggests that outcomes seen as equitable can lead to more effective cooperation. {3.1} SPM 3.2 Climate change risks reduced by mitigation and adaptation Without additional mitigation efforts beyond those in place today, and even with adaptation, warming by the end of the 21st century will lead to high to very high risk of severe, widespread and irreversible impacts globally (high confidence). Mitigation involves some level of co-benefits and of risks due to adverse side effects, but these risks do not involve the same possibility of severe, widespread and irreversible impacts as risks from climate change, increasing the benefits from near-term mitigation efforts. {3.2,3.4} Mitigation and adaptation are complementary approaches for reducing risks of climate change impacts over different timescales [high confidence). Mitigation, in the near term and through the century, can substantially reduce climate change App. 465 17
Summary for Policymakers impacts in the latter decades of the 21st century and beyond. Benefits from adaptation can already be realized in addressing current risks, and can be realized in the future for addressing emerging risks. {3.2,4.5} Five Reasons For Concern (RFCs) aggregate climate change risks and illustrate the implications of warming and of adaptation limits for people, economies and ecosystems across sectors and regions. The five RFCs are associated with: (1) Unique and threatened systems, (2) Extreme weather events, (3) Distribution of impacts, (4) Global aggregate impacts, and (5) Largescale singular events. In this report, the RFCs provide information relevant to Article 2 of UNFCCC. (Box2.4} Without additional mitigation efforts beyond those in place today, and even with adaptation, warming by the end of the 21st century will lead to high to very high risk of severe, widespread and irreversible impacts globally {high confidence) (Figure SPM.IO). In most scenarios without additional mitigation efforts (those with 2100 atmospheric concentrations (a) Risks from climate change... (b) ...depend on cumulative CO emissions... cd -xj c cu ro > £ oj cL cz ra o •*-' -t-" _q oj o »- 580-720, I / ^4=5 base inesj 720-1000 - - -2 • - : \ 430-480 530-580 -- 1 observed 2000s ^ ^
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COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS SUFFO
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9 Exxon webpage, Meeting global nee
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24 Exxon: The Road Not Taken series
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34 Justin Gillis & Clifford Krauss,
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54 Webpage for National Association
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COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS SUFFO
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https://web.archive.Org/web/2016060
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Than 12,500 Massachusetts Consumers
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David Hasemyer and John H. Cushman
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May 28, 2014, available https://www
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40. Attached to this affidavit as E
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50. Attached to this affidavit as E
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Perspectives, May 23, 2016, availab
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V— '> C0 2 GREENHOUSE AND CLIMATE
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PROJECTED CARBON DIOXIDE (AS CARBON
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PROJECTED CARBON DIOXIDE (AS CARBON
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CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS EPA i )
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GROWTH OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 AND INSTA
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C0 2 GREENHOUSE AND CLIMATE ISSUES
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OUR NEXT TASK IS TO CONVERT THE AMO
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EXHIBIT 2 App. 300
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PARIS AGREEMENT The Parties to this
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(a) "Convention" means the United N
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8. In communicating their nationall
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Article 6 1. Parties recognize that
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Article 7 1. Parties hereby establi
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(e) Building the resilience of soci
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5. The Warsaw International Mechani
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5. Accelerating, encouraging and en
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4. The transparency arrangements un
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means of implementation and support
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8. The United Nations and its speci
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the organization and its member Sta
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Article 28 1. At any time after thr
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International Energy Agency ENERGY
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The Int
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United States, which currently impo
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Trucks deliver a large share of oil
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If nuclear falls back, what takes i
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On bookshop International Energy Ag
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EXHIBIT 4 App. 340
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Managing the risks of exposure to f
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Managing the risks of exposure to f
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EXHIBIT 5 App. 346
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Distribution List: R. W. Cohen M. J
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- 2 - might rise the 0.5 needed to
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Energy and Carbon — Managing the
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2. World Energy Needs Keep Growing
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ExxonMobil believes that efficiency
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The cost limitations of renewables
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income. For example, by 2030 for th
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A "low carbon scenario" will impact
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In our operations, we apply a const
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technology can be up to 80 percent
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Such stress testing differs from al
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7. Capital Allocation ExxonMobil ma
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Lastly, we note that even when sens
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Appendix Topic Page Proved Reserves
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EXXONMOBIL RESOURCE BASE - AT DECEM
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EXXONMOBIL CAPEX OUTLOOK (1) Capex
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EXXONMOBIL PRODUCTION PRICES AND PR
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EXHIBIT 7 App. 382
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2 February 29, 2016 target. First;
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4 February 20! 2016 the power gener
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6 February 29, 2016 In addition, wh
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EXHIBIT 8 App. 390
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ExxonMobil's Energy Outlook Project
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Meeting global needs - managing cli
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EXHIBIT 10 App. 404
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— BUSINESS: Document trove detail
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EXHIBIT 11 App. 408
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Chase Bank to Pay $136 Million in N
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Ocwen to Provide $2.1 Billion in Re
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Page 159 and 160: CitiGroup to Pay $7B Over Mortgage
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InsideClimate News Is a Pulitzer Pr
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8/5/2016 References | ExxonMobil Ja
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tNERAI 114.1-ID -OFFICE CORRESPONDE
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DRAFT BED TO MEJO 1 L You asked abo
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Mr. A. M. Natkin - 2 - August 25, 1
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i 0763-L-RWC CO2 Climate Modeling R
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PROPRIETARY INFORMATION For Authori
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PROPRlcTAHY I'irORM, CXX'On Por Aut
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cl 798 - 3 - Figure 3 shows the car
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cl 7 98 A. No Limit on CO2 Emission
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l798 - 7 - and then rapidly decreas
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l798 Table 1 C0 7 EMISSIONS lb CC^E
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l798 APPENDIX C CONSTRUCTION OF SCE
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Figure 1 MOST OF THE USSR'S VAST AG
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funds and asset managers are starti
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concerns that some fossil fuels wil
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Really? ExxonMobil left the risk ou
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Joe Walker TO: CCJ Subject Otobal C
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V 2 Because the sdeuce xmdtrpinning
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4 Strategies and Tactics I. Nationa
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Number of school teachers/students
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Exxon Mobil Investigated for Possib
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(EongreaB nf States Mafil?ingtnn, S
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Edward Mar^y United States Senator
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19 senat Page 1 of 10 fueffix FREE
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EXHIBIT 41 App. 706
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2 (A) developed a sophisticated and
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4 1 (C) what they knew about the ha
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Where to buy motor oil products | M
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Mobil Gas Station in Boston, Massac
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Mass. reaches $2.9M settlement with
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NAAG I NAAG Center for Tobacco and
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PROPOSED EXXON RESEARCH PROGRAM TO
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W BUSINESS . , ' RATIONALE FOR EXXO
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DEFINITION App. 796 GREENHOUSE EFFE
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MAJORRESEARCH NEEDS PROBLEM AREA AT
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FLUX = (TRANSFER COEFFICIENT) X (DR
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C TANKER PROGRAM (CONTINUED) TANKER
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pC0 2 10" 6 atm. IN THE SURFACE WAT
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DRILLING SHIP PROGRAM EXXON CONTRAC
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- S A L I N I T Y | . - P H , j - S
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INFORMATION YIELDS (CONTINUED) ? +
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INFORMATION YIELDS (CONTINUED) DRIL
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THEORY OF LAND BIOTA SAMPLING e INC
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Our climate science histoiy | Exxon
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The truth about ExxonMobil and clim
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The coordinated attack on ExxonMobi
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ExxonMobil responds to state AGs -
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EXHIBIT 61 App. 848
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ExxonMobil to Hold Media Call on Ne
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