DISSERTATION
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Table of Contents<br />
1. Introduction …..………………………………………………………………… 1<br />
1.1 Thiol self-assembling …..………………………………………………………… 3<br />
1.2 DNA ……………………………………………………………………………...…… 6<br />
1.2.1 DNA in solution …….……………………………………………………………...… 9<br />
1.2.2 DNA in front of a polarized electrode ……………………………………………..... 13<br />
1.3 DNA immobilization …………………………………………………………….. 16<br />
1.3.1 DNA immobilization approaches …...……………………………………………..... 16<br />
1.3.2 Techniques for DNA microarray fabrication .……………………………………..... 18<br />
1.4 Hybridization detection ..……………………………………………………….. 21<br />
2. Aims of the Work ….………………………………………..…………...… 26<br />
3. Results and Discussion ………………………………..……………...… 29<br />
3.1 Importance of preparing the surface. Criteria for cleanliness .…...….. 30<br />
3.2 Importance of knowing the surface ……………………………………...….. 34<br />
3.2.1 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. DNA assay build-up …...…………...….. 35<br />
3.2.2 Potential of zero charge of bare and DNA-modified electrodes ………………...….. 41<br />
3.3 Importance of controlling the surface ...………………………………...….. 50<br />
3.3.1 Fast and controlled formation of DNA surfaces. Optimization of ssDNA<br />
immobilization procedure …..…………………………………………………...….. 51<br />
3.3.2 Formation of compact thiol SAMs within minutes ……………………………...….. 67<br />
3.3.3 Reproducible recycling of Au modified surfaces within seconds …..…………...….. 81<br />
3.4 Potential-assisted preparation of DNA sensors …..…………………...….. 85<br />
3.4.1 Optimization of the potential-pulse assisted immobilization method …………...….. 85<br />
3.4.2 DNA microchip fabrication ……………………………………………………...….. 91<br />
3.5 Intercalation as a DNA detection technique …………………………...….. 96<br />
4. Conclusions ………………………………………………………………...… 104<br />
5. Experimental Work ...………………………………………………....... 108
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