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PHAINOMENA XXV/98-99 THE HORIZONS OF EMBODIMENT Utelešeno, udejanjeno in doživeto odločanje 248 V članku bom poskusil pokazati, da prevladujoči sodobni pristopi k razumevanju in raziskovanju odločanja, sprejemajoč osnovne cilje in predpostavke klasične kognitivne znanosti, v najboljšem primeru podajajo omejen vpogled v preučevani fenomen. Prvič, napačno predpostavljajo, da odločanje poteka predvsem kot nekakšno preračunavanje z objektivnimi stanji zunanjega, od odločevalcev neodvisnega sveta. Drugič, čeprav v “podobo odločanja” pripuščajo subjektivnost, se ji večinoma poskušajo izogniti ali jo objektivirati. Tretjič, interaktivna zgodovina odločevalcev z lastnim okoljem in vloga telesa sta v sodobnih pristopih k raziskovanju odločanja v večji meri izpuščena iz raziskovalnih načrtov in razlag odločanja. Čeprav je v zadnjih letih opaziti porast predlogov, kako utelesiti odločanje, pa ti tez utelešene kognicije ne pripeljejo dovolj daleč oz. jih ne jemljejo dovolj resno (vsaj z vidika enaktivističnega pojmovanja utelešene kognicije): odločanja na primer ne koncipirajo kot dejavnosti opomenjanja, telesa ne pojmujejo kot tudi živete (izkustvene) strukture, ne preučujejo izkustva odločevalcev itd. Sledeč nekaterim idejam enaktivizma in (nevro)fenomenologije bom trdil, da je odločanje bolj smiselno razumeti z vidika smisla in pomena, ki ga imajo situacije, odločitve in proces odločanja iz in v (izkustveni) perspektivi odločevalcev. Posledično bom nadalje trdil, da mora znanost o odločanju, če želi preučevani fenomen razumeti na bolj smiseln in manj omejen način, začeti sistematično in temeljito raziskovati (tudi) izkustvo odločevalcev. Ključne besede: odločanje, utelešena kognicija, enaktivizem, izkustvo, (nevro)fenomenologija, opomenjanje.
Ema Demšar I understand you because I know you: The influence of past embodied encounters on social understanding This paper revolves around the topic of social understanding in face-toface social interaction and investigates how our pre-reflective understanding and experience of the other within it are affected by the history of our embodied encounters. The aim of the paper is twofold: first, to highlight some core elements that underpin social understanding, and second, to describe the feeling of familiarity in social interaction and analyze its active contribution to how we understand others. In the first part of the paper, I present some phenomenological and enactive accounts of social cognition. I point out the difficulties of the so-called mindreading approaches, according to which interpersonal understanding is primarily a matter of mental state attribution. I describe how understanding of others is facilitated by the concrete environment of the social encounter as well as the broader social world of shared practices, norms, and roles. However, such environmental support of social understanding is hard to pin down and is always achieved through the concrete process of embodied interaction. Since, in addition, our grasp of the other is itself essentially interactive, I suggest that the enactive perspective, which recognizes interaction as the core of social understanding, is the optimal way to study the phenomenon. The second part of the paper focuses on the pre-reflective, background feeling of familiarity with the other. I introduce the phenomenological concept of body memory and explain how relationships with a history of embodied encounters can, over time, acquire a partially self-sustaining internal structure, which is often accompanied by the experience of familiarity. I argue that this feeling also has an active dimension, since it can shape our experience of and responsiveness to the possibilities for (inter)action in a particular social encounter. Describing pre-reflective social understanding as the ability to adequately respond to these possibilities, I conclude that the feeling of familiarity plays an important role in guiding our unreflective social interaction and actively contributes to how we understand and experience the other. 249
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