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PHAINOMENA XXV/98-99 THE HORIZONS OF EMBODIMENT 5. Conclusion 174 This paper provided an overview of the three cornerstones of phenomenological analyses of HARs. First, interanimality must be understood as interspecies intercorporeality, as lateral sociality or co-habitualization that opens up perceptual and behavioral dispositions of mutual incorporation and synchronization between human and non-human bodies. The Clever-Hanseffect served as one prominent example of this, but one can also think of how animals are being used in therapeutic contexts, etc. Second, interanimality is not a natural fact but is co-determined by respective predominant social notions about animals. The appearance of animals and of humans is framed by different significations, which allows us to conceive of, and experience, animals differently. This tacitly organizes different ways of our being affected by animals that ranges from compassion to disgust. It has been concluded that the human-animal border is not a straight, clear line, but consists of a plurality of thresholds that pre-determine our perceptions and HARs. Third, these frameworks, while inevitable (I argued against the possibility of rendering the anthropological machine inoperative), are nevertheless contingent, and can therefore be disturbed especially by singular (face-to-face) bodily encounters. The gaze of the Other has been described as a climactic event of such encounters that could build up to a productive experience. Such a productive experience might then disturb, and thus also influence, the embodied habituations of how animals are treated – but there can be no guarantees that such an event would happen or, having happened, that it would be powerful enough to engender far-reaching changes. 6. Bibliography Aristotle (2009): Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Aristotle (2002): Nikomachean Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Acampora, Ralph (2006): Corporeal Compassion. Animal Ethics and Philosophy of Body, Pittsburgh PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. Agamben, Giorgio (2003): The Open. Man and Animal, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
MARTIN HUTH Butler, Judith (2009): Frames of War. When Is Live Griveable? New York: Verso. Calarco, Matthew (2008): Zoographies. The Question of the Animal from Heidegger to Derrida, New York: Columbia University Press. Calarco, Matthew (2010): “Faced by Animals”, in: Radicalizing Levinas, Peter Atterton, and Matthew Calarco (eds.), 113–133. New York: SUNY. Därmann, Iris (2011): “Von Tieren und Menschen. Martin Heidegger, Jacques Derrida und die zoologische Frage”, in: Zeitschrift für Kulturphilosophie 5/2, 303–325. Derrida, Jacques (2008): The Animal That Therefore I Am, New York: Fordham University Press. De Waal, Frans (2013): The Bonobo and the Atheist. In Search for Humanism among the Primates, New York: Norton. Fuchs, Thomas, and De Jaegher, Hanne (2009): “Enactive Intersubjectivity. Participatory Sense-making and Mutual Incorporation”, in: Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 8, 465–486. Fuchs, Thomas (2016): “Intercorporeality and Interaffectivity”, in: Intercorporeality: Emerging Socialities in Interaction, C. Meyer, J. Streeck, and S. Jordan (eds.), Oxford University Press, in press. Heidegger, Martin (1954): Platons Lehre von der Wahrheit. Mit einem Brief über den Humanismus, Bern: Francke. In English (1962): Plato’s Doctrine of Truth. New York: Random House. Heidegger, Martin (1959): Unterwegs zur Sprache, Pfullingen: Neske. Heidegger, Martin (1983): Die Grundbegriffe der Metaphysik. Welt – Endlichkeit – Einsamkeit, Frankfurt/M.: Klostermann. In English (1995): The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics. World, Finitude, Solitude, Bloomington/ Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Heidegger, Martin (2006): Sein und Zeit, Tübingen: Niemeyer. In English (1996): Being and Time, Albany: SUNY. Heinämaa, Sara (2014): “The Animal and the Infant: From Embodiment and Empathy to Generativity”, in: Phenomenology and the Transcendental , Sara Heinämaa, Mirja Hartimo and Timo Miettinen, 129–146. New York: Routledge. Husserl, Edmund (1950): Cartesianische Meditationen und Pariser Vorträge, Dordrecht: Springer (Hua 1). In English (1960): Cartesian Meditations, Dordrecht/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff. 175
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