NOSCrptProjCOMBO_1980
NOSCrptProjCOMBO_1980
NOSCrptProjCOMBO_1980
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Description of document:<br />
ISCAP release:<br />
Posted date:<br />
Note:<br />
Source of document:<br />
Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC) Technical Report<br />
422: PROJECT COMBO: Review and Recommendations,<br />
<strong>1980</strong><br />
06-December-2016<br />
26-December-2016<br />
Material released under ISCAP appeal<br />
Mandatory Declassification Review Request<br />
Department of the Navy<br />
SECNAV DON/AA-DRMD<br />
1000 Navy Pentagon<br />
Washington, DC 20350-1000<br />
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MEMBERS<br />
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INFORMATION SECURITY<br />
OVERSIGHT OFFICE<br />
December 6, 2016<br />
Please be advised that the Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel (ISCAP) has<br />
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Sincerely,<br />
I. ~ 'tl1J · t/' /J'"<br />
VV',.(..u::t,ft j,1'~ . - t~~<br />
WILLIAM A. CIRA<br />
Executive Secretary<br />
Enclosures<br />
cc:<br />
Mr. Mark M. Langerman,<br />
DoD Liaison to the ISCAP<br />
Ms. Gaye Evans,<br />
Deputy DON/AA
N<br />
N<br />
~<br />
G::<br />
....<br />
~<br />
0<br />
z<br />
. DECLASSIFIED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE<br />
· INTERAGENCY SECURITY CLASSIFICATION APPEALS PA:'\EL,<br />
• E.O. 13526, SECTION S.3(b)(3)<br />
ISCAP APPEAL NO. 2006-033, document no. I<br />
DECLASSIFICATION DATE: December 02, 2016<br />
Technical Report 422<br />
PROJECT COMBO: REVIEW AND<br />
RECOMMENDATIONS (U)<br />
WC Cummings, RL Seeley,<br />
PO Thompson, RA Johnson<br />
July <strong>1980</strong><br />
,--.:~~IOML_ ,S~CIJK~Ii. • ~:::.~!::::..,<br />
•QD99ttaor1ae4 Dl•alosurt.Subjeot to Cl'Smlanl<br />
lulott.-• ..:..-.---·<br />
Prepared for:<br />
Naval Sea Systems Command<br />
and<br />
Naval Electronic Systems Command<br />
DTIC<br />
SELECTE<br />
AUG 28 19IK)<br />
.'\<br />
NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTER<br />
SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 92152<br />
Copy AJ of<br />
Copies<br />
S-5029·79
--·· ~ • i '<br />
I<br />
. I<br />
Best<br />
Available<br />
Copy
SECRET<br />
CThts j)aqe .. ii U:ack"S:::.~· .-::,<br />
..<br />
~·<br />
< ~.:<br />
NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTER.SAN DIEGO, CA 92152<br />
AN ACTIVITY OF THE NAVAL MATERIAL COMMAND<br />
SL GUILLE. CAPT. USN<br />
HL BLOOD<br />
Commander<br />
Technical Oisector<br />
ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION tU)<br />
"··<br />
/,<br />
r:.<br />
i-<br />
{ Ul This work was p.:rformcd umkr sponsorship of Naval Sea Systems Co11111wnd<br />
and N:ival Eledronk Systems Command.<br />
...<br />
{ Ul \V\• ;u.:knowkdgc !he assistanl.'e of J. F. Fish and I~. S. Gulcs of NOSC through·<br />
oul Proje~·1 COMBO. We arc grnt1:ful for the help of M. E. Dahlhcim. A. Dihclku. D. Ferrin.<br />
J. D. Finch. M. D. Flaskll. S. J. J. Ci. lloffnrnn :md C. I>. Smilh at NAVSEA<br />
:mu M. L. Parker. Jr. llnd I. L. Smk-1:111 :11 NAVELl.X. and for !he assistmK~' or 11. B. Stone<br />
in OP 987 illlll CDR D. It Moyer USN. CDR C. B. Lowe USN and LCDR A. J. l>ietzler<br />
USN at NMATQ~.<br />
(UJ J. F. Fish and Ci. A. Turlon were the h:chnk;il rcvicw~·rs. W. ,\,Friedl ussisted<br />
with tcdmkal editing ;ind final n:port organization.<br />
Jfoleased hy<br />
JM STALLARD, lknd<br />
Hio:1~·011s1ks & !Honks Division<br />
Under aulhority of<br />
HO PORTER. I lead<br />
Biosdcnccs J)c1,arlmcn 1<br />
SECRET<br />
(This page. iS Unclas..."i.i1:~<br />
1',<br />
'"•'-t'"<br />
.••
--------------···-·····--·-<br />
-=---<br />
(Tb.fa ii09e fa 'e9NFIDENT1Ab<br />
4'£CUA1TY Cl.ASSIFICATIOlf OF THIS PAGE (Wit.,, Dere Enl•rN)<br />
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE<br />
READ INSTRUCTIONS<br />
BEFORE COMPLETINC FORM<br />
12~ GOVT AC:C:ESSIOlf lfO. J. AEC:1P1ENT"S·C:ATAL.OG lfUMBElll<br />
'tfl:]> -c 0 'l:1 3 lJ:;, -<br />
. i<br />
WC CUMMINGS, RL SEELEY. PO THOMPSON, RA JOHNSON<br />
t. PUtFOAMING OAGANIZATIOlf lfAME AND ADDREt;<br />
Naval Ocean Systems Center, Hawaii Laboratory<br />
P. 0. Box 997 ·<br />
K.ailua, Hawaii 96734<br />
11, CO!tTROl.l.ll'iG OFFICt: 1tAME ANO ADDRESS .--<br />
Naval Sea Systems Command (NSEA 63R33) . ;.: ij~ .<br />
Department of the Navy ·-~ :'. . . ·<br />
Washin1ton, D. C. 20362<br />
If. CISTAIBUTION STA TENEN T (ol 1/lle RflflJotl)<br />
1.,. C:ONT!lM:l'.011 &11,jll~T lfUlllBER(•)<br />
( /:.- j ,:;:::: i .' / i_ /<br />
. --~ r- .. I ... ·~:. !(J'i-J<br />
,. 'lO~'AM'f!J,_!"MElf ~Jl!C:T, T AS~<br />
AREA 6 W~l'IK UNtT .,_ ,<br />
--621.2.J!l· F212' I {SF2128 IG71_;,<br />
XF2 I 2227BI J .,-::. , ,<br />
N"I ""~JO<br />
IZ. REPORT CATE<br />
July <strong>1980</strong><br />
II. NUN8EA OF PAGES<br />
44<br />
II. SECURITY Cl.ASS. (ol 1111• r•portJ<br />
____ __,.<br />
1la. Ol:Cl.AS$1FIC:6!.10""'00W!!ll"RAl)J.ll,R<br />
SC:NEDULt: .1115. a••T. "1Y7<br />
111 ....... UIAft<br />
f<br />
17. OISTAllUTION STATEMENT (al flte ••tre1:1 •fend /rt Bloclr 20, II dlll•1•I ,_ R•oHJ<br />
II. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES<br />
It. KEV WORDS (Contln11• °",.,.., .. •Id• II neu••_,. Md ldMlll)- lit)• l)/o"lr n-Ht).<br />
Bandwidth Large Whales Pinnipeds<br />
Bioacoustics Low-Data Rate Signal-to-noise Ratio<br />
Communications Marine Mammals Signal Synthesis<br />
Covert Measure Format Small Whales<br />
Source Levels<br />
Sutimarine<br />
Transducers<br />
Waterfall Display<br />
Whistles<br />
IACS -,, Pilot Whale Sonogram<br />
ZO. A8STR~T (Conrlr"a "" r•.,•••• •Ille It n•ceH_,. •d ,,,_,,,,_ "" blacll ,._._,, j<br />
(C) Prc,cct COMBO produced the elements of a covert communications system that conveys coded messages<br />
using selected marine animal sounds in a natural sound environment. Project progress includes development of a coding<br />
teer -.ique. a ~omputer program for elemental synthesis, and a recognizer/decoder instrument that is compatible witb<br />
fleet low-data•rate communications. equipment. The report also discusses. properties of available transducers and !<br />
characteristics of marine animal sounds as possible elements of covert communication systems.<br />
'!\'<br />
\.<br />
I<br />
OD<br />
FOIUI<br />
1 JAN 7.1 1473
emm01:~rnH<br />
HCUl'llTY Cl..ASSIF"ICATION OF" THIS '"AGll (llti.., De1a lln1ua~<br />
,...<br />
/:<br />
~Ql>JFIBW'flAC<br />
-SECURITY Cl..ASSIF"IC:ATION OF THIS PAO£(Vll•n D••• l!.nltr•d)
SEClff<br />
FOREWORD (U)<br />
,;er' Project COM 80* uses coded marine animal sounds for a covert underwater<br />
communications system with ranges to SO nmi. The Project COMBO concept originated in<br />
1959 at the Navy Electronics Laboratory. Collection and analysis of sounds suitable for ultimate<br />
use in Project COMBO began in 1965. We recorded marine animal sounds. mearntl!'d<br />
sound source levels. observed animal behavior and initiated a.:oustic analyses. In I
-SEGR!T<br />
SUMMARY (U)<br />
OBJECTIVE (U)<br />
,JRr" Develop a covert communications system with a bioacoustical message fom1a1<br />
using animal sounds as message elements that are recognizable with existing Oeet signal pro·<br />
cessing equipment.<br />
RESULT$ (U)<br />
I.
CONTENTS (U)<br />
INTRODUC~fl01\ ... pag.· 7<br />
HAC:KCI ROUND ... 8<br />
coNn:PT ... 8<br />
AUTI ll:NTICITY ... 8<br />
UTILITY ... X<br />
)<br />
l'ROCRl:SS ... 8<br />
/<br />
llARDWARI'. C"ONH<br />
TRAl':SDU
SECRET<br />
DEl'LOYl\ILNT SFCUR!TY ... J7<br />
TRANSDUCERS ... 37<br />
SOURCI'. LEVELS ... 37<br />
Sfnlcd diredly from the playback<br />
ta11e rcl·orJcr. . . J4<br />
I I. \\'atafoll displays or kilkr whale SflL'l'lr:1 ... 35<br />
I:!. lfrspons.· or I IX-1 X~A Pm.k.:tnr in SL'ril-s with a I I O-to-200 I lz hand rcjel.."lion<br />
filter ... J/1<br />
4<br />
SECRET
SECRET<br />
\f<br />
I<br />
··-<br />
;,<br />
(.<br />
I<br />
,<br />
TABLES CUJ<br />
Si1m:il-10-1wisl' ri1lios <br />
7. Fll'l'I fl'l'l'iVl'rs suil:1hk fi:n possihk COMBO-likL' a1,plic:11ions. . . J
SECRET<br />
INTRODUCTION I U I<br />
~ l'roj1•l'I COMBO w;i" a fotff·Yl';tr rl'S1:;1rd1 :iml 11l-vdopml.'nl l.'fforl to produn• u<br />
i:ol'l'rl-b}··di'!!ui:-l' 11mll.'rw:11n l'ommunkations S}'Sll.'m using ..:mkd umlcrw;.it.:r "°unds of<br />
nwrilll' anirmil:-. Thi.' l'01h:d "ound" arc ti1·1wrakd lit Dill' pl:1tform and rl.'l'l'in:d and tki:udl.'d<br />
:it ;111011!.·r c fi!,!llr•• I l. M:irinl.' .ininrnl >numls arl' l'lllllllltlll aml promincnl l'Otl!Pon.-nts of the<br />
n;11t1ral w11krwa1n ~oni.· l'tl\'ironmcnt. Milit:iry ..:ommw1k;1tions h:isl.'d on 11:11ural :inim:il<br />
o;ou ntl" l'Oll fuund 1.kl•'l'l ion hy l.'Vcn infonnl.'d l'lWlllY M1rvdl laJll'I.' hc.::ms•' I hi.' 1111.'Ssages arl.'<br />
hut a 'nrnll portion of !hi.' 1ot:1I hiologkal ..:horns. As 1)art of Proje.·t COMBO we dtiJrm:ta·<br />
itl'ii m;iri1w :mi111;1l sou ml>. dl.'vis.:iJ a tlistort ion·frcl.' 1·0Ji11i: Sl'hl.'llll.'. idl'ntilkLI >ignal pro •.•. ,,.<br />
inJ,! 11·.·liniqu.·s. d.·\'clO!h.'d a method to 11rojl.'•'l. cktl'l'I aml dl.'1·ml1• sitmab. aml i.ynthl.'si1l·d<br />
smmds with cnmpll!l.'r :ti!,!orithm~. Prnjl.'1'1 111.'vl.'lopml.'lll 1·an lw trn.:1•d i11 rl'f~·rl.'lll''-'S 1-4.<br />
COMBO RECEIVER<br />
IN THE FLEET<br />
__.............<br />
TO BE DEVELOPED<br />
,,..-~~--~~-~---~--~~---.<br />
LDR/QRP<br />
.f'-';S;;';P;;;E~C::;T:o;,;R:;A;-L-j... __ -lCOMBO SIGNAL ___ DECllDED<br />
PROCESSING RECOGNIZER MESSAGES<br />
SHIP<br />
MESSAGE SYNTHESIZED<br />
SONAR ( FORMAT i----1 ANIMAL SOUNDS<br />
(U) Figur~<br />
tfmfflBUITh\ll<br />
I. COM 110 S:'slcm cun..:cpt.<br />
}81' l'rojl.'t:t COMBO n:l:1tcs to th1· lntcgrat'-'d At:ouslk ('ommunkations Syst.:111<br />
( IA
SECRET<br />
BACKGROUND tU)<br />
CONCEPT (Li)<br />
Jk(' Tlw proj.:1:1\ Olllldl> ii'.\ llh..'l>l\:tl:!C l'lcme11is. Ml.'s.,agl'S 1.:an lh·<br />
rl.';lll:! l.'lJ11i1nnrnt in tl1c tkct. The -;ystclll will 1.:onfound<br />
illll'rl'l.'!Hn~ by pl'l.'Sl'lllinv ;m uwrwlwlming l:t~k of :111al} 1 t.illl:! :ill m;irinc mammal ~ounds<br />
l'lll'Ollllll.'rl'd in order lo i£;l·111ify poi.~ihlc nw~s;rl:!l' .:kmcnt:..<br />
A UTli ENTICITY c U)<br />
Jff"' Fiddity Of lfUflkil'lll<br />
bandwidth lo Jll'l.'!>ervc the sounds' natural qrnrlitic~.<br />
I l.i I Im pmwd fak•lity fodo1~ rcsull from heller rl·rnrdi111:1 tl·i:hni4u•·S: i1111>rnwd ~i!,!<br />
n;il prm'l'!>l\illl:! am! ~ynt hl·sis :md advanccu transdul·cr development.<br />
!.1111wlc,l~l'<br />
JR'( Tht• trnnsn1issio11~· ll'!llporal aml 11-cogrnphk l'O!lsistcrn:y 1fo1wnds on
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lll·'J·1llll! 'l':UO! !l!Jl1Jl!U '1111'11 ( ~S:I) :111,,\,1'1 JJlllS .\.iu.inh.1.1.1 s.\OJthU.i illl!('0.1 ·'ILL ~<br />
,;,<br />
· 1,1,..,otl 1prno.11: P·'ll!!llstn:J 1 p.is1:.11.111! tlllllll!"' .1itm:.1 dO!ltl.'!lllllUUlo.1<br />
·'ll.loqJ!'! J{l .i.11:,1J1"; ·'ll I pu .11 )o;.1 o l .1.1.1p.1s 111:J r ·'l•fl!l.'•1f,1 u 1: .'lppoJd s,\onq 1n1s P·'!J!fH>l I/ ·,,\111111<br />
-ouo~ .\Jl:l!llltl lO s.111011d11.1p.\ll l'·'WhJ!ll:.1 'P·'l·'-'1Hm.'-,1iq1:.1 .1J1~ sJosu.is ·'!IS110.1y ~<br />
·p:i:qiu<br />
·IP"'":·'' mu111n.1 J.111:,\\ ·''I.I. ·111;:;:1 01 .i.>r.JJll~ 11:.111 moJJ P·'!Jll,, s111ll.lp J,1,..!,1,1,1J pur. JOl·'·'f<br />
-0.ld ·m I 11: 1:,1111 .1J HP no;: (l) dll 'f.'·'·'111! p.1p.1fo.11l .1J.1111 plll!lf ZIPl-
SECRET<br />
~ Tnrnsdul·~rs :11111h11io11 is increasing. Population<br />
sizl.' is 1wt lll'l'L'ssarily JirL·.:lly rl.'hlll'd to :1L·ouslk prcscnl·e. For cx:unplc. the hum1)hac:k<br />
wlwk• pop11l:1t ion is small h11 t the SJll'l'kS is partkul:irly soniforou,,. Simil:irly. the killer whale<br />
10rci1111.~ mm). is fn:qul.'ntly hl·ard l'VCll though its population is tkpll•tcd. Thus. the use of .<br />
COM UO sounds in tlw oc:can ret1uirL'S relatively f1•w whall.'s. and conscrvalion nwasul'l.'s should<br />
gu:mmll'L' populations .it least :1s largl.' as JHl'sc.'lll ones.<br />
SYSTEM COMPONENTS l'h!L'lion corn I. Signal Syntlwsis. Trnnsduwrs. Lll•ployllll'lll Scc:urity. and Flt'l'I lmpa..:t.<br />
SIGNALS (Ul<br />
~ Tlm'l' ..::itqmril'S of m:1rine mamnwls pmdUl'I.' sounds wil h potential COM 130<br />
ilJlplic;ition: lar1:1c whales, sm:1li wlwks ('.: . ..:hilling porpoiSl'S), aml pinnipcds (seals :mJ Sl'a<br />
liorn.l. Thl' listed sounds :m· l'llllllllll ;ind conl;iin 1011:11 .:omponcnts. Within the whak .:all'·<br />
gorks. animals :m• dis,·usscd in onkr of prohahk 1)olcntial applkahility lo tile COMBO<br />
l·ommuni,·aliom sc:lwnw from most to kasl likdy. l'innipcds arc not so or
SECRET<br />
I<br />
~ Larg.l' wlrnh:s prodlll'l' low-fr.:q,11!'111:y sounds with high suun:l' l.:vc!s. The low·<br />
frcque1i.·y sounds rl'quirl' spci:ial tr;rnsdul·ers. The sounds l'Ollld be used in ii COM BO ,·om·<br />
mun.io;:1f ilr.n'4·«:ik'(!l1~ widl' ;in i!H~ .. ,~1 .. ...i·1·~nlg.I.• l~'!iws i.nt.!,'rmin11l~·tl with 11uls"·s :md n1~rin1r sounds<br />
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'YI TIME. sec ,<br />
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YHf!,urc: ::. Sooogi:um ,,f i.nunJ wilh COl\IHO :11•1>lk:1liuns. A. hclui;a. II. killer whale.('. pilot whale.<br />
D. dkks of cad1. rcspct:livcly Hii:-i:1h1l' muilydn~ illtcr handwidih. W 117 (1\.11.r .) ~00 117. j D t.<br />
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SECRET<br />
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SEGREr-<br />
The blue wh.ill' moans :IVl•r:.igl' lll.S-dll sollrl'l°eans. eSJll'l'i:.illy in tropil'al :mil s11IHropk-;1I wall'r' 111.·ar lhe A1.or,·s. l'l·ru. th,· C::.ilap;igo'.<br />
:111J olTCentr;il Calil'orni;1. lkl·:1usl' ol' 111.:ir 11biquily. high s111m·,· k•vel and \'011111111n lll',tll<br />
renl'e. sp,•rm wh:ik· so111ub :.tl'l' fomili;ir lo so11:11'11ll'll ofall nationalit'ies and ;Jrl' exl·elklll<br />
sounds for COMBO applkatil>ll .<br />
..+-Sf Th,• l'lkk sll"lll'llll\' l>f ,1wr111 whak si1rn:tls is i11n1111patihk witli pr,·"·111 < ·< l\l ll< l<br />
n11:thutls of n:mow frl'Qllelll'Y h:.ind 1Htll°essinl! :111d ,·otlinl! a11d R'quir''' ill,tl';ttl. wideli:ind<br />
lhrl·shold tk•kdion :uul simple t,•mporal l'Odini; p:1tlem,. Nl'l'ertlll'k's'. '"''I'll• whall· "11111.i,<br />
arl' itk•;il for hiolo!,!kS l'Ollllllllllk';llion :1pplil·:1tio1K<br />
SMALL WHALES tU)<br />
.JK'( Th,• pilot whak·. c:/n/iin•ph11/11111c'luc•11a. Ii. Jt'llllWtnui, and c:. 111,11.,-11rl11·11ck1<br />
produws ;1 variety of sounds. inl'luding dkks. whist ks. Mltleal,, ,~·arhk,, ;rnd gn1111' < 1tly of 111:.irilll' w;11,·r. l'ilot '' hak<br />
sm:nds :m• suilahk for COM HO lrnns111issi1111s of 25 lo 50 n111i.<br />
(lJ) ln the,•ast,·rn North l'adl'il'.kilkr whaks.Orl'i1111.,11rn1.lh 'l'l'l';1111 parts l1'1Vl' 1t1a11y l1an110111,,. l11<br />
Antarl'lil' \Vall' rs. kill,•r whak•, l'lllil dkk I rains 'imil;ir to lhthllllll'l'!larts. Kilk·r wltak·, c>l'l'ltr worldwi1k. espl·l'iaJI~· 1ll':1r l'l•,t't' .1t 1:1;.•!1.-1<br />
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SECRET<br />
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( U I l:kl11g:1s. /Jdphi11up1eru.'i fc•uca.\, m:w hl' lhl' most sonifomus sea mammals trcl<br />
''rl'r..:c 23 I. lklug;1s l'lllit ii v;tril>'ty of sounds. indutlitli,t whistll•s. warhks. d1irp:.. dkks.<br />
, , 'I • . . . . . . . . ' ~ '<br />
~•t•~_,\~ \'l'~l.... :in\l fl.1011-1~ :it 1:r-.... ::.~·1+di.•!! ~i""~ ·!.(}(! Hl-1.. ·Jk"-'l:a !i11{114:I-. 1~·tl-it'aU~· -.:erwafu<br />
l'1wrgy in n;1rrow frl'1Jlll'lll'}' b:mds. lklug;1s Ol'l'llr mainly in th,· Aro:tk (kl'an. Thi.' whall.'s<br />
o ...·1:ur Sl.'a~rnrnlly as for south ;i,. 50"N. anti ;m• abundant iu llw Davis Strnits. lluJson Bay.<br />
isti1w1li1w1.·umponl'nts 1.'Xll.'ml as low as 15 kl II in l'al'ilk whitl'·sh.11:11<br />
. -!'littf\1.1N.• ·~lil!!ih i>;"-:ffit.''Wbill~·'lilh~I r·t.ill'lfri.• 1'11..'!.'IU' Jn:un lin)
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SECRET<br />
.;·<br />
'<br />
PINNIPEDS (U)<br />
( U) Tile Welldell se;1l. Lepr1J11ydwreJ wc•dddli. emits narrowhand pulsl.'s at re1wtition<br />
ratl.'s from above: 140 sec.: to one in several se•onds I refl•ren•e 26 J. The soumJs' freqUL•nq•<br />
range is rrom 50 to 10.000 llz. Thi.' pulse trains typically ~t;irt at I to 2 kllz with a ra~t<br />
repetition ratl' and end al :ihout 0. I kHz with slow repel it ion. Individual pulse~ in a train Ml"<br />
rrequc:nl"Y modulatc:d from 2 kllz at 10 kH.t to 50 M.t at 100 llz. Weddell Sl'als also 1irud11c.:e<br />
howls. with fundamc:ntals rnnging from 50 to 4000 Hz and with strong l1:1m10nk slntl°tUrl'.<br />
and ringing sounds in the: I- to J-kHz range that last up to 10 st'l'. Weddell sc;ils on·lir in thl•<br />
southc:rn hemisph.-re around !he Antarl·til' l"Ontinent and its adjac.:ent pal"k il·e. \h·ddell seal~<br />
migrate: as far as JO~S to South Amerk;1. to Australia. and to Nl.'w Zl•al;ind.<br />
·;:<br />
!Ul The beanled seal. l:"rig11arlws b11rht1llfs. emirs a whistle with a tremolo dtar:il··<br />
teristk c.:auSl.'J by fast frequency llllldulation of a few hertz. l'hl.' whistk is modulated rurthcr<br />
OVI.' r Sl'Vt'ral hundred lie rt z at mies or ahou I I /Sl.'l' I 0 one in Sl'\'eral sec.:unds as I he whist k<br />
drops 3 to 4 kllz to 0.2 k llz owr :1 period of :1 111 inu te ( reforcnc.:c ~ 7 ). The !warded sl.'al is<br />
l.'in:umpolar in·W;iters or thl.' An:lil'.0l'l'an and till' auj;ic.:ent Atlanlic ;111d l'ac.:ifi.- n:gions.<br />
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( U l The rinJ:!cd sc.:al.1'11s11 J1i.1l1ida. pruduc.:l.'s a numher or sounds. induding a ~lcady<br />
disc.:rcte-c.:omponcnt. downward frcquc.:1ll'Y sWl'cp imhued with harmonks (rl·fl.'rcnl·c ~Xl.<br />
The sounlls las! from aboul 1 lo 4 sec.:, rnngl' from 5 kllz lo 0.2 kllz and have at k•asl four<br />
sl rong harn1011ks whkh 111ay ex tend above I 0 kHz. This seal also makl'~ a broad hand ringing<br />
sounll in the frequc.:n•y rangl' fro111 hdow ~ kllz to ahout 6 kllz. with lluratinns up to 15<br />
sec.: .. Tl1c ringed seal ocrnrs widely in the.: Arl'lk Oc..·ean and on till' norl.h l'0:1sts of Europe.<br />
Greenland. North Americ.:;i :md the Soviet Unimi.<br />
I U) The ribbon Sl.'al. l'/wrn (l/istrioplwca) fasC'iata. produces two prinl·ipal t11Hk·r·<br />
water sollnlis coinc.:ident with spring rcproduL·tivc al·tivities: an intense I- to 5-scl' downw;irc.I<br />
frequcnc.:y sweep in the 7- to 0.1-kl lz rl.'gion and a 0- lo 5-kl iz hre:1thi11g-typc M111111I or almosl<br />
I sec dur:ition hut at :!Oto :!5 dB lower in pressure level ( rl.'frrenl'C 2c.; ). This seal 1,<br />
distributed from the northeasl Berin!( Sea to the Sea of Okhotsk and inl. The hark~· 111ai11<br />
c..:omponcnts !->~'.~ur.betwcl.'n 0.5 and I kl.lz. l1:1r111011ics ~xlend up. to aho_ut 5 k.1.!z. Most_or.<br />
1•ln:-at-ttt:r'{'11ill~1-tt'~;1t~ttitt ~mh~'l.·ttt· ffi•tlk H\~in:~-~ ~·t1:1 ta"\' .1.;n.,. :ntc·t'~··<br />
fornia sea lion oc.:c.:urs along the C:11ifornia co:1st. Baja California, the c;alapagos Island!> and i<br />
the.: c.:oast of Japan. Bulls m·c..·ur as for north :ts Washington in the wi111crti111c.<br />
I U) Pinnipc..·d sounds usually oc.:c.:ur within I 0 nmi of coasts. ice packs or llriftini: i'~·-<br />
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15<br />
S&CRET
SECRET<br />
I<br />
SIGNAL DETECTION !U)<br />
~ Tht' COMBO Signal R.:l·ogni.ti:r. S1:rnnd Generation. CSR-II !figun: 3 ). w:.i~<br />
dl•sigrwd and :isst!mhlt'd. and tlwn 11.'stl.'d both in lht' lahoratorr :ind at sea. Thi.' signal rerng·<br />
nit ion devil.'1.• i:an 1.krndc propi:rly 1.'Vl.'11 if seven or the 11i1w signals ilfl' Jost. Information<br />
1.'Xlrihk 0L11irnt. Tlw word<br />
"BAD" app1.•:irs in light"l'lllilling i.lioJ1.• ( Lt:Dl Jispl:iys whcn data arl' insuffki1.·nt or do 1101<br />
1.·onfonn to um..• of six 1111.·ss:1g1.• formats. Tlw CSl{-11 :ll·1.·ommo
SECRET<br />
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17<br />
SECRET
SECRET<br />
;ii 1'r.'-rc.·l1g11i1io11 pro····ssing in the CSR-II is 1or1:il a11:1lysis wilh a r•·al·tinw<br />
'\ll'•"lntm analyr.,·r lhal j, '"'•"•'P·limill'LI at ~.4:' lo 4 5 li.llz ;1ml with an rns1:111hk a\····agcr<br />
th;1t llS•'S••ighl awrag.·s. Till' ;1n:1lyZl'r is a Sp•·•·tral Dy11;1mk' SD 30 I ;1ml is the sam.: anaty1..-r<br />
ux·d i11 lhc WQC"-5 I LDR/()Rl'l n.·.·1 ··n11111rn11i.·a1ion sy,l•"lll. Th.· avcr:1gcr is a Sp•·•·tral<br />
J)y11:1111i.·, .~(}l).<br />
J)i1' The c11tir•· SJ'l'•"lrlllll in :1 sckctcd formmpk·<br />
llll'ntary logk p:hs to prolluc•' mutuall~· cxdusi\'c: llll'S,a)!l' ··kmc:nts. liy similar procc:ssin!,!.<br />
othcl' single void' lh· rnultiplc: acquisitions wiil he: d1:111g.·d. •'.J:!.. J2E to J~I or .221 to J~I.<br />
Multiple: voids rl'lllain 1111dian)!cd and Sl'ri:1l nmllipk ill'lJllisitions lli~pl:1y c;nply. l'.)! .. J.1.3<br />
hcrnmcs JEI'.. Ma.iorit~· logk Sl':lllS cad! l'Olumn or prnn•ss.·d dat:1 Sl'l1Ul'nli:1lly and pli!l"l's<br />
till' majority d1:1r:rl'l•·r for ••:id1 .·olumn in a linal lwst-nll'ssag•· matrix. Fol' cx:unpk. if tli.·<br />
firsl ··olumn .·ontains 31'..l in franll'S I. 4. and 7. rl'SJll"l"til'l'ly. :r J will lll"L'llr in lhl' rirst<br />
l""ilion or llw.1 ·:s1-11i.·ssaf:!l' m:rtrix. Similarly. 2.32 in th•· Sl'•"llJHI n1lu111n produ.·n a 2 in<br />
thl' Sl·~·ona.J position of lhl· hl'Sl·llll."SS:lgl' matrix. and l'.LJ-. in lhl• lhird •"Oilllllll prodUl'l'S an I·<br />
in till' third position. A s•·cond rompk•mcnlary logk pass 011 llll' hl·st nwss;rgc matrix at-<br />
1.·n1pls to fill voids hdf.ir.· results :m· ·displ;1y.•d in Ll'.l>s. If tlw final 111~·ss;1gl· i' u1w.·rtain h•··<br />
.·a11s1: of insuflil'i••n1 m conlliding a.lal:i. 1h.· lc:ttas "'l3AD" ar~· di,pl:1ycd in lhc LED i11'tc;1d<br />
or;\ final lllL'Ssage. Singk-hit. ewn parily is mainl~1i1ll'd lhro11gho11t the logil' p:rssc,, A poinl<br />
display.·d in a J"inal mcssagL' fralllL' indkall·s an inop•·r:11ivL' ROii.i. 1\rt.·r final111.·,s:1gc assc111·<br />
hly. a d····mlcr n.·twork al"li~·atL'S sok·noids or lap•· r.·.·onkr' to
SECRET<br />
~ ·• \H'nly huur~ ui'hinal·11L1~1k rl'l'ording~ with high !\ignal·lo-noisl' ratios Wl'rl·<br />
p\;1ynl 11110 thl· CSR-II without fob,· :1l:m11. Thl' l"l'l'llrding, ind111kd 111:111y pilol wh:ik<br />
so11nds bl'(;!llSl' pilul whak· SOllllll, l'lln~I i Ill l l'd ( hl' l'll1k·d l':lll'gor~' or ~ound,. A ( I illll'S during<br />
!ill' ll'~I. a -..ini,:il• 1i111,· window would qualify. h111 1 hl' llll'";1)!l' 11i,pl:1y w;1, ;1\way, "HAI>''.<br />
l n\\'l'I' 'ignaf l"l'l .. 1>gnitio11or1rigi;l-ri11g lhrl·shold, will i1Kl'l''1'l' i11l·orl"l·,·1 111-H'f Thl' C'0~11l0 l'lllll'''I''-· 'Ph'lll' and J'l'lll'•'s'ill)! ,,·hl'llll'' \\'l'fl' ll'.,kJ in lhl• lahork srn1111ls at sourl'l' kwls 25 dB ahO\'l' natural<br />
kwb. l'rq>rol'l'~~inf,! :111d dl'l'Odii11! \\'1'rl' till' s:lllll' :1~ in !Ill' p1'l·vious l'il'ld ti:sts. Till' fiw<br />
si)!na\, \\'l'rl.' di,trihull'd throti)!h lhl' frl'lJlll'lll'Y h:1nd i'rom 4.4 to h kllz.<br />
~Till' CSR-I l·om•l·tly d1'll'C:ll'd :tll rl'l·onkd llll'Ssagl·~ (l·o1k•d ani111:1I sounds) at<br />
thl' 5· aml I 0-11111i rall)!l'' :ind l'rl'l'lll oJ' till· llll'S':t!!l'S :11 20 nmi. Amhil'nt nobc .:onditions<br />
wcrc lll':ll' 1m1ximum Wen.: shipping noise kvl•ls. Signal Joss m·•urrl•d at two of thi: liVl'<br />
ffl'lJlll'lll'ics tr:111~111ittl·d at 20 nmi.<br />
.•<br />
'<br />
19<br />
SECRET
SECRET<br />
~ Sii;u:il·lo-noiw ra1ios 1wrl' dl'tl•nnilll·d on lhl' rl':1l-1inw s;i1.•,·1ru111 :inaly1;."r<br />
11.1hk- l 1 :\I'. and 10 11111i. 111,· 11ob1.• w:" ll1wrn·111 pmh:illili1~· of ,·orr1.·,·1 dl'l1.'l"li
SECRET<br />
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0 OBSERVED<br />
80<br />
4<br />
5 6<br />
FREQUENCY (kHz)<br />
1CO>J1'1Ul:NT1t\l. I<br />
( lll Figure~. Received level or C"OMHO si~m1ls mcasur~d in CSR·l 1ests anti pre
SECRET<br />
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SECRET<br />
.,,.,· ),, ·,;' ~
;·~~~t~~~~~~~~~l~='~}~7~~1~ll~~;·
.. ,.. .. •<br />
SECRET<br />
>R'f In June .1974. COMBO smmJs were lr:111s111ith·d hetw,•,·n d11.• suhmarini:<br />
/Jolpltin antlratc A(;(' \hould h1.· u,nl for 1.•;11:h rrcqllelll'Y h:Jnd.<br />
';<br />
~ Tr:rnsmi,sion time can bl· r1.•dul'l'li hy using par:illd ..:liding anti 111.!.:mling. l'hl'<br />
( 'SR-11 system t ranslllits Sl'ri;illy Olll' I o~l'l' window :it a tillll' and n•quirl'S at 11.•asl l)() ..c..: or<br />
•H:tws!it: J:da for i.1111· m·~·l'a!~·· Par.illd 1·111H11u would uptl:1t1.• an in11u• p;.ill1m11.'Vlo!I'~' 50 iii~•:..:<br />
:111d require :1ho11t .:!O Sl'l' 11.1 tr:msmil ~I siµn:tls. oro1k' of SO.+O po,sihk llh!SS.tg1.•, with tri11k<br />
r1.•du11da1i.:y. i\l.'lual trn11smissio11s will h1.• l
~l<br />
1\f<br />
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,1<br />
t1.<br />
1<br />
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9i:<br />
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.J.)1ndum.' ,10 ,,\1:1"''1' 11r..11.,11:11' .\.,11.,11h.'JJ··''ll!l .\\oqs c. pt11! x ,,,rnif•:I · .\J11111.rn1
SECRET<br />
FREQUENCY (kHzJ<br />
ll':\CL,\SSIFll ll1<br />
ll 'l Fi1rnrc 11. Timc-frCt of :i simula1
SECRET<br />
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l l J f 1)!111•' 7. I 1111«·1"''1'""'"'~ \lil!l"rfall pl111111:i11:11111al ~ill,·1 \\'liak<br />
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SECRET<br />
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SECRET<br />
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SEGRET<br />
G..~''""'":":"~·~7~,~· ... ~;.0~;;.....;..;.. . ..... . ., .
SECRET<br />
;81 111e synthesis of pilot whale sounds requires an ability 10 desaibe the sounds·<br />
microstructure and to choose the generated frequencies. For applications not requiring rl."altirne<br />
generation, sounds can be tape recorded. Recorded sounds would haw an upper frequency<br />
limit about 7 kHz. Methods of sound synthesis involve signal generation tedmiqLll'S<br />
and computer software but the upper frequem·y of synthcs.ized sounds is limited lly hardw;.in:.<br />
BACKGROUND (U)<br />
TRANSDUCERS (U)<br />
.J.Br Transducers for transmir.ting antl receiving COMBO low-data-rate mcssagcs<br />
should have the following characteristics:<br />
o A fre We surveyed ":.7 transmitting and 9 receiving systems to identify 1ran:-.duccrs<br />
a..:ccptable for COMBO use.<br />
-tSr Sound projectors transmit most cfli!ctiwly in a rdativcly narrow frl'quc111.:y<br />
band. For some projectors. the effective band is wide enough for COMBO applkation with<br />
certain sounds. but no proje..:tor is suitable for all COMBO sounds. Fvr example. COMBO<br />
codes 1onals in pilot whale phonalions from I to 3 kHz. but the animal's sonic repertoirl· ..-xtends<br />
from 300 Hz to 15 kHz. The COMBO schem~ is directl!'d toward use of lkcl sonar<br />
l!quipmc-nt. but olher transducers wcrc surveyed because fleet equipment dol!s not fulfill all<br />
COM BO requirements.<br />
1-e-T No fleet sonar system proje1.·t_s i:-ffoclively over thc fr.:qucn1.:y hand rt•quir.:d for<br />
all low data rate transmisi;ions in the COMBO s.:heme. so WI! consi signals' higher frcqul'm:ics. Mid·<br />
frl'qm;:ncy animal soun:es produce sounJs in the 70- tq 3000-Hz rang.:. Some: large whak~.<br />
such as humpbacks. :mt! most pinnipcds arc mid-frl'qucncy COM 80 sotm:cs. Low·frl·quc11'.. ~,.<br />
animal sources prodm:c soum.ls in the ~0- to ~00-Hz range. Largl.' whales. suc.:h as h Im:. linh;id;<br />
and gray whales. are low-frequency COMBO sources. Because the frequency limits ovt:rl:ip.<br />
:-:.omc animals arc sources in two categories.<br />
FLEET PROJECTORS CU)<br />
J.&r Fleet sonarsappli1.·abk 10COMBO applkationsar1.· listl·d in tahk 4. h1a1.kqLL1L·<br />
low frl•queon1.·y response limits most or !hi." units. Only GNATS satisfks ;i complck sub1:i ... k<br />
1.·atcgory. namely the miu-freqUl'lh:y scgm l.'11 ts. Thl' GNATS S}'Sll.'111 usl.':
.,<br />
i<br />
;81' The WQC -2 low-band project111g transducer system l'Ould be equalized to provide<br />
adequate n:sponse from I. I to al least 5 kHz. at a source: lewl of approximately 190 dB<br />
rl' I µP:1 al I Ill. Allernativdy. sounds could be preequalized for use with the: system. Use of<br />
till' WQC-2 driving amplilia in a COM BO sd1cme would require auxiliary input from a tlat<br />
rcspollSl' l'irl'Uit. The WQC -2 is installrd on submarines and surfacl.' vessds for con1111unil·a·<br />
tions.<br />
J,.&1' The frcque;:ncy response of thl' WQC-2 is too nar1ow for the en I in: range of the<br />
high-frcqul'lll'Y l'ategory or sounds. but is adcquale for COMBO transmissions of killer<br />
whale. fal~e killer whak·. beluga. and holllenose porpoise sounds.<br />
-t-Bf Thl' frequi:nry ri:sponse of the SQQ-23 with :111 auxiliary amplil'ier and of the<br />
B
Syst.·m<br />
I. WQC-~ 'Low lkllllh<br />
..<br />
SQQ-~J<br />
· 3. BQS-13 1Comm Modl')<br />
4. GNATS<br />
Maximum Undislorh·d<br />
Sourl·c Level.<br />
l_)~,l~,~~~~t f2~t1~·~~'L·-~.l~l~ dB r~ !~~~a! _!_!~1<br />
Surfo~c/Suhmarin.: 1.5-5 190<br />
Sur!'m:c lf~l - 8 :!00+<br />
Sub111ari111.· :!.5. 8 :!00+<br />
Suhnmrint.> O.Oh - '' lf\O+<br />
(CO~ILIDENTIAL)<br />
(ll) Table 4. Fleet sonars considered for COMBO-like applkatioi1s.<br />
w<br />
Frcl1ucncy<br />
01ler:1ling<br />
Response SoUTl'I.' Ll·vcl Depth Approximatl.'<br />
Tr:mSMD IV 0.01 -0.I 15(1 No data Cylind,·r 0.4 Di:i x 0.5<br />
llX 18:!-A 0.0h • I.I 190 :!.rn Cylinder 0.
llli~,;<br />
: .. ~<br />
~~<br />
INPUT<br />
- ><br />
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c:-=-<br />
~=··- re:<br />
------~- =---<br />
o-r-~~-r~~~,--~~.-~~--,,-~~-.--------=--4<br />
200;:- .<br />
OUTPUT<br />
--<br />
~~~~~~~~~~~~~:::-::-,~~'."':::~:::=~-,-~r-~~~-;60<br />
,...., ..._<br />
::Z'~ ""'.":~ ~ ... ~ ~ E<br />
t:-~<br />
o-.: 0<br />
20 TIME (sec} 40<br />
!,USC'tASSIFltDI<br />
I Fl Figure 10. Sonugrams of blue whale sounds re·recorded directly from the playback tape rl"cmder<br />
("input". abm-el anJ after pr.ljection h}· the PliD IV transducer at Q 111 Jepth f .. ou1p111". helow1.<br />
ll1e effective anal~·sis filter band\\idth i: I.I Hz.<br />
'<br />
~-~-····· ·~ ,,.-._.-.:.:y.,·,.,.-;,, ..... ,""°:tdh""""''·~-~41..,!".':',,:.c{,
SECRET<br />
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35<br />
SECRET
SECRET<br />
180<br />
- :!<br />
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SECRET<br />
1nid·ft\·11u
.~!f.:~~~r:_-~:;~~~'::'8J~*"l'.lffi!~:~t.t-;~~~~rfh"7~:0r:;;;:;.;'!;;l!i:;.:.,,..... ····.. ,.,......,~~"'"'' "'·'"' ..,.. --,,<br />
.• ~""1'~<br />
~~ !<br />
Trnnsllu,·er<br />
Fre•1ucncy<br />
Response.<br />
Hz<br />
Sottri:c: Lc\·d.<br />
LIBn.· I µPa.at Im<br />
Op•:rational<br />
Depth<br />
Limit. 111<br />
Configuration<br />
Hon.:ywdl<br />
HX 254-8<br />
B.:ndcr Bar<br />
25-1(\0<br />
180<br />
450<br />
91 un Dia x I 20 cm plu~<br />
depth .:ompen!>ator. Ql)O kg. to\Vctl<br />
Ma~navox Bcn1kr<br />
Bar<br />
Resonant at<br />
50 Hz<br />
180<br />
450<br />
43 ,·m Dia x XI .:m. 135 kg<br />
w<br />
00<br />
Genera\ Dyna111i,·s<br />
Hydro;u:oustks<br />
hO·· 105<br />
180<br />
4(10<br />
53 .:111 Dia x 2-15 .:m. 730 kg. tO\\'CU<br />
Moc.g Hydroacoustk<br />
40 - 400<br />
180 at 55 Hz<br />
155<br />
455 kg<br />
Westinghouse<br />
Flexural Dis,·<br />
10- 100<br />
190 < Broallh;;nd I<br />
200 ( Dis.:rt•tc Freq I<br />
No data<br />
1800 kg<br />
Acrojet Electrosystem!><br />
rh:surnl<br />
Dis~·<br />
25 - 95<br />
1 C)C)<br />
No data<br />
0.24m 3 • 455 kg<br />
IC0PfflBUfflALI .<br />
JtJ Tal>le 6. Low·frequency projectors surveyed for possible COMBO-like applications.<br />
··.·~--,,-.-.;;i... :llwl~<br />
··.:n"'-'<br />
~~<br />
JI,.
SECRET<br />
System Depluym.:nt Fr.:qu.:n .. ·y. kllz<br />
SQ0-23 Surr:i ..· ..• o ..'i. ,,<br />
B()R-7 Suh111a ri1ll' 0. I · 7<br />
1305·R-17 lTASSl Suhrn;1ri1ll' U.O I • J. I<br />
B()R-1.'i < ST,\SS I S11hmari1ll' O.ll:\ - ~ . .'i<br />
!Sl:fl~l:'fl<br />
I U) Tallie 7. 1-lt> :I rccci\'el"S s11i1anlc for possible C'O~IBO-like applkaliuns.<br />
CO!\IBO :1ppli .. ·atiuns. C'o111111u11kation signals th:1t us .. • phonation' of 011! .. ·r mann'-' 111a111111ab<br />
111:1y hare 10 .. ·x..:e .. ·d 11:1tural sour .. ·e k•vcls by up to .~O dB. Sour .. ·e kvcl b :i flm .. ·11011 or th,•<br />
trnnsqtission\ .. ·oded l'r .. ·qu .. ·11 .. ·y :md intended rang•'. Use of unnatur;dly high ,mir..-.. · 1..-v .. ·ls<br />
~hould he limill'd to shurt-dur:11ion t ransmis~ions :md low fre,111en .. ·y sounds.<br />
SIGNAL SYNTHESIS (lJ)<br />
. '<br />
i·<br />
•..<br />
'<br />
~ Signal sy1111l ..·s1s has rqirodue ..·d port ions or pilot whale sinusoi,Jal wavci"orm<br />
whistl~·s. The sournb of lat"µ•' wh;ik•s have not h ..•<br />
..·n synth••.;i1.cd. Adcquat•• .;ynthesi~ of hioa<br />
..·oustk sign:lls for l"Vl'rt ..·m1111111nk:.1tions rl·quir ..·s quality ·rl·..·ordings of natural sound~ .<br />
Synthe~ized sign:ils arl' ..:onstru ..·t ..·d frnm and ..:om pared with the naturnl te111pl:1tes. Synthe-"<br />
siz ..·d sig11:1ls must :1ppear n:itural on snn;irdispl:iys and 111us1 sound natural to k'nmvlcdgeahlc<br />
list ..·n..•rs.<br />
..t!tft The for111:1ts pr ..·s..·nting hio:1..:011stk ..·01111111111i..::1tio11s sigu:lls must also he natural.<br />
The in ..·rc:isl' in eriti..::11 hamlwidt!1 with frcqucn..:y in animab' auditory function implies that<br />
h:111dwi
SECRET<br />
SIGNAL OCCURRENCE (U)<br />
)8'5 Bioacoustic communication signals must occur at the proper time and place.<br />
No marine mammal is pan-oceanic and many Jisrinct phonations occur only at certain times<br />
or places. The frequency with which a bioacoustic communication will be used depends upon<br />
the communicators' a1:tivitics. More common signals should be used for more frequent 1:ommunications<br />
.<br />
.4Bf A guide to biologics has been produced to familiarize sonam1en with bioacoustic<br />
signals. bioacoustic sources, and marine mammal distribution t reference 12>.<br />
FLEET IMPACT (U)<br />
.f.5'r A six-week study of Project COMBO and of the effects of bioacoustics on fleet<br />
oper.itions condudcd that both the U.S. and the Soviet Union would have the capahility to<br />
apply bioacoustics to communications rasks after 1975 (reference 36 ). Covert active sonar<br />
using marine animal sounds requires changes in fleet sonar hardware and operating doctrine.<br />
Reliable. relatively covert communications possible through Project COMBO also will affect<br />
submarine ta(.·tical deployment.<br />
~ Poor communications disrupt coordination in submarine escort or ASW opera·<br />
tions. Even a limited covert co111munication ability will enhance coordination between surface<br />
ships and submarines. Project COMBO provides covertness unavailable with prcscntlyd1:ployed<br />
two-way communication systems and thus enhances ~oordination in critical<br />
scenarios.<br />
-+st- LJ_S. Sonarmcn typically tune out biologics as interference. but Soviet use of<br />
bioaeoustics for communications is likely. so fleet sonannen must become more familiar<br />
with bioacoustic signals. Past biologics dassifkation wus base~ on NAST AD training tapes.<br />
aural memory and the som1m1e11's ex1,criencc. Annotated BQR-20/2'.! displays and hio-.<br />
·acoustic indices I rclcren·-·e 12) now augment the classification effort.<br />
~ Marine animal sounds arc ubiquitous I reference 37) and likely well-known to<br />
Soviet sonarmi;-11. Signal processing techniques will aid anu advance underwater military<br />
1:om111unit.:ations. hut U.S. for1:cs may face
SECRET<br />
REFERENCES !U)<br />
I. Cunm1ings. W. C.R. l. S.:1.'ky. P. 0. Thompson. S. J. Kennison. Uni11L10: (\>mmuni,·a·<br />
lions System (UL Patent Disdosurc r\o. 59. 1 l78. !1>75, tSl.CltLTl<br />
Scl..'ley. R. L. W. C C\1mn1111gi.. S. J. Kcnni"°n. Cl:.inmm11i.:a1ion {'hannd Fa.ding<br />
Co111pe11s:.ttor I UI. Pall'nt Disdosun: No. 58. 1 179. I 975.-1 SITllLTJ<br />
J: Johnson. R.A .. R. L. S.·.-k)'. W. C. c·ummilll:fS, S. J. Ko:1rni~m1. Co1111irnnkatio11~ hror<br />
C'om.•.:tion Dev kl.' 1 U ). Patent Di~dosurc No. 58.980. 11i75. 1 ~ilTIU.T ><br />
4. S.·l'lcy. It L. \\'. C. Cu111111ing~. S. J. Kennison. Srndm111i1.cr for C'onununi.·iltion<br />
lniliali1.atio111U1. Pa'l.'111 Di~dosur.· l"\o. 5'l.5-l~. 11175. tSU'lll.ll<br />
5. Ad llo.· Stlldy (irnup. NSIA Ad 11111.: S1>1Jr A.·m1~ti•· Conmumkation Hnal R.·port i l L<br />
N:itional Sl.'•'Urity lndus1ri;il A~~od;1tio11. Jl·.r:.:·1 L\l.1<br />
fmh.•d ~11.'ssagc<br />
7. Wr,•nd1. E.11. Jr. l11.-n:;1~·d Sipn;1l l>ro,·cs .. ingSpccd U~ingSw.·cp Limit Cuntrol•t'I.<br />
Unpuhli~hell NUC Report. I UNCLASSIFll~DI<br />
X. Tlrnmpso11. P. 0. :md W. C. Cu111111ini~. Critkal Survey ofCcnai11 Umkrwulcr Sound<br />
Tr:tll'.\(htl.'.:r~ I U I. Unpuhlishl.'d l\'U I<br />
I 0. P:iy11I.'. R. S. and S. ~!.:Vay. So11ps of l lumpha,·k Whaki.. Sdcn.:c. 17 J: 585-5'17. l 'J7 l.<br />
l I. Cummin!;!s. \V. C'.. J. F. Fj,h :uul P. 0. Thompson. Sound (>rodul.'tion aml Oth,·r<br />
B!!l1:1vior of Southern Righi Whah:s. J:'uhalamu ~ladali.t CUI. Tr;111,;1;.:1in11-. uf Iii.• San<br />
l>il;'J!O So,·idy of N:iturni I li,tmy 17! 11: 13 pp, 1 1 17 2.<br />
12.
SECRET<br />
15. Cummings. W. C. and P. 0. Thompson. Underwater Sounds from the Blue WhaJe.<br />
Balaeuoptera musculus (U). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 50(4): I 193-1 198. 1 Q7 J.<br />
16. Backus. R. and W. E. Schevill. Pllyseter Clicks (U). /11 Whales, Dolphins. and Porpoises.<br />
edited by K. S. Norris. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeks, 1966.<br />
17. Watkins, W. A. Acoustic Behavior of Sperm Whales (U). Oceanus (Woods Hole Oceanographic<br />
Institution), 20(2): 50-58. 1977.<br />
18. Busnel. R. G. and A. Dziedzic. Acoustic Signals of the Pilot Whak Globicepllalu melaena<br />
and of the porpoisesDe/pltimis de/pit is andP/wcoe11aplwcoe11a ( U). /11 Whales, Dolphins.<br />
Porpoises, edited by K. S. Norris. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los<br />
Angeles. 1966.<br />
19. Fish, J. F. and C. W. Turi. Acoustic Source Levels of Four Species of Small Whaks.<br />
NUC TP 547. 14 p •. December 1976. (UNCLASSIFIED><br />
20. Sd~evill. W. E. and W. A. Watkins. Whale and Porpoise Voices. A Phonograph Record.<br />
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 24 p. phonograph disk, 1962.<br />
21. Schevill. W. E. and W. A. Watkins. Sound Structure and Directionality in OrC'i1111s<br />
(Killer \\'.hale)
SECRET<br />
30. Sd1L1stl·r111:1n. R. J .. R. c;.:r,try. and J. Sd11110ok. Undcrwall'r Sound l'rodul"lion by<br />
Caplil'l' California Sl·a Lions. /.c1/11ph11x ni/i.fiimic1il11.,· ( U I. Zoologka. 52: 21-24. I 1 l1> 7.<br />
3 I. Cummings. \V, C'. l'rojl·l·l COM 130: l'ro1m·ss Ro:porl for l:isl·:d Yo:ar I IJ7J ( U l. Nal'al<br />
t!11do:rs1::1 C'l'llll'r TN 1009. ~2 pp. I lJ?J.-t!il.C'IU:TJ<br />
32. C11111111in1?s. W. C'. 1 1 rogn:s~ l\knm. l 1 mj.:,·1 C'Ol\IHO. 28 lkl·o:111bo:r l'l7J I U). l'al'al<br />
U1ak•N':1 (\·1111:r Ml·mo to I>. c;. lloffm:m. NSlllPS l'MS 3024. 17 pp.<br />
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J42 pp. 1%7. < UNCLASSIFILDI<br />
Johnson. R. A. anll 1\. W. Dihdk:1. A11:1ly~is and Synth~si~ of Natural Sound~ t Ul.<br />
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lkll. T. c;. :111d c;. C'. C'onnally. Jr. 1:uturo: Rl·quirl•nt..-nts for c;l'lll'r;il Nois..- and Tonal<br />
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To:mporiiry Additio1wl Duly
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