MOBILIZING DEVELOPMENT

Analysis and Policy Recommendations from the United Nations Secretary-General’s High-Level Advisory Group on Sustainable Transport 64
un-climate-summit/).
32 United Nations, 2014: Global Green Freight Action Statement
and Plan (www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/
uploads/sites/2/2014/07/INDUSTRY-Global-Green-Freight-Action-
Statement-and-Plan.pdf).
33 International Energy Agency: Energy Technology Perspectives
(www.iea.org/etp).
34 Lefevre, B., Chaudhary, A., Yavrom, D., and Srivastava, A., 2016: World
Resources Institute – Working Paper: The Trillion Dollar Question II:
Tracking Investment Needs in Transport (www.wri.org/publication/
tracking-investment-needs-in-transport). The paper reviews
and analyzes the estimates of global transport infrastructure
requirements published by the International Energy Agency, the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),
the World Economic Forum, the McKinsey Global Institute, the
New Climate Economy, and the Institute for Transportation and
Development Policy/University of California, Davis.
35 The New Climate Economy, 2014: Better Growth Better Climate,
The Synthesis Report (http://static.newclimateeconomy.report/
wp-content/uploads/2014/08/NCE_SynthesisReport.pdf).
36 Ibid.
37 International Energy Agency, 2013: Policy Pathways – A Tale of New
Cities (www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/
Renewed_Cities_WEB.pdf).
38 World Economic Forum, 2013: Enabling Trade – Valuing
Growth Opportunities (www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_SCT_
EnablingTrade_Report_2013.pdf).
39 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD), 2014: The Cost of Air Pollution: Health Impacts of
Road Transport (www.oecd.org/env/the-cost-of-air-pollution-
9789264210448-en.htm).
40 United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2015:
Habitat III Issue Paper 19 – Transport and Mobility (www.
europeanhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/19_
Transport-and-Mobility.pdf).
41 Zhao, X., Mahendra, A., Godfrey, N., Dalkmann, H., Rode, P., and
Floater, G., 2015: The New Climate Economy – Technical Note:
Unlocking the Power of Urban Transport Systems for Better
Growth and a Better Climate (http://newclimateeconomy.report/
workingpapers/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2016/04/Unlockingthe-power-of-urban-transport-systems_web.pdf).
42 Between 1990 and 2010, in China, more than 50 million rural
people lost their farmland in the urban sprawl process. See Li, X.:
Farmland Grabs by Urban Sprawl and Their Impacts on Peasants’
Livelihood in China: An Overview (www.future-agricultures.org/
papers-and-presentations/conference-papers-2/1273-farmlandgrabs-by-urban-sprawl-and-their-impacts-on-peasants-livelihoodin-china-an-overview/file).
43 European Commission, 2013: Urban Mobility Package (http://
ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/urban/urban_mobility/ump_en).
City of Copenhagen, 2011: Municipal Plan 2011 (http://kp11.kk.dk/
sites/kp11.kk.dk/files/uploaded-files/Municipal%20Plan%202011.
pdf). In its CPH 2025 Climate Plan, the City of Copenhagen set
the goal that, by the year 2025, 75% of all trips in Copenhagen
should be made by bicycle, by public transport or on foot (http://
kk.sites.itera.dk/apps/kk_pub2/pdf/983_jkP0ekKMyD.pdf).
Oxford Business News, 22 April 2016: Dubai Pursues Ambitious
Public Transport Targets (www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/
dubai-pursues-ambitious-public-transport-targets).
SPAD – The Land Public Transport Commission of Malaysia, 2013:
National Land Public Transport Master Plan –Moving Together
for a Better Tomorrow (www.spad.gov.my/sites/default/files/
national_land_public_transport_master_plan_eng.pdf).
44 United Nations, 2016: Habitat III - Zero Draft of the New Urban
Agenda (www.habitat3.org/bitcache/3d1efc3b20a4f563ce673671f83
ea0f767b26c10?vid=578792&disposition=inline&op=view).
45 PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2005: Cities of the Future – Global
Competition, Local Leadership (www.pwc.com/gx/en/
government-public-sector-research/pdf/cities-final.pdf).
46 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (http://unhabitat.
org/urban-themes/resilience/).
47 New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC),
Citywide Ferry Service (www.nycedc.com/project/citywideferry-service).
48 Abbot, T., 2014: Friday Fun: Three Cities Explore Water-based
Transport To Improve Urban Mobility (http://thecityfix.com/blog/
friday-fun-three-cities-water-based-transport-improve-urbanmobility-istanbul-bangkok-lagos-thomas-abbott/).
49 World Health Organization (WHO), 25 March 2014 News Release: 7
Million Premature Deaths Annually Linked to Air Pollution (www.
who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/).
50 Lubis, M. (2014): Rising Middle Class Will Drive Automotive
Demand in the Coming Two Years (www.nielsen.com/id/en/pressroom/2014/rising-middle-class-will-drive-automotive-demand-inthe-coming-two-years.html).
51 Seto, K., Güneralp, B., and Hutyra, L. (2012): Global Forecasts of
Urban Expansion to 2030 and Direct Impacts on Biodiversity and
Carbon Pools (www.pnas.org/content/109/40/16083.abstract).
52 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE): Level
Crossing Safety Film (www.unece.org/trans/roadsafe/lx_film.html).
53 Golden, A. and Weisbrod, R. (2016): Trends, Causal Analysis,
and Recommendations from 14 Years of Ferry Accidents,
in Journal of Public Transportation, Volume 19 No. 1,
2016 (http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?article=1513&context=jpt).
54 By way of comparison, there are on average 174 deaths by road
traffic per million population or 1.24 million deaths annually.
55 Litman, T. (2016): Safer Than You Think! Revising the Transit Safety
Narrative (www.vtpi.org/safer.pdf).
56 For least developed countries, post-conflict states and middleincome
countries—groups of countries also considered being in
“special situations”—transport challenges exist as well, closely linked
to the overall economic and social realities faced by the countries.
57 United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least
Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and
Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS), 2014: Vienna
Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries
for the Decade 2014-2024 (http://unohrlls.org/custom-content/
uploads/2015/03/Vienna-Programme-of-Action.pdf).
58 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD), 2014: Small Island Developing States: Challenges in
Transport and Trade Logistics (http://unctad.org/meetings/en/
SessionalDocuments/cimem7d8_en.pdf).
59 An example is the World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD) proposing a sustainable urban mobility
indicator set that spans the three sustainability dimensions quality of
life (social), economic issues, and global environment and, a fourth
dimension, the performance of a city’s mobility system. See WBCSD,
2015: Methodology and Indicator Calculation Method for Sustainable
Urban Mobility (www.eltis.org/resources/tools/methodology-andindicator-calculation-method-sustainable-urban-mobility).
60 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): Data Analytics
in Urban Transportation (http://dusp.mit.edu/transportation/
project/data-analytics-urban-transportation).
61 European Council of Ministers of Transport, Council of Ministers
(2001): Implementing Sustainable Urban Transport Policies – Key
Messages for Governments (www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/
docs/cm200112fe.pdf).