MOBILIZING DEVELOPMENT

31 Mobilizing Sustainable Transport for Development
incentives for preferred behaviour and use of lowemission
transport options. It is important to deploy
these measures in a manner that keeps the goal of
access in mind, and to set up national instruments from
different countries affecting the movement of people
and goods in a way that guarantees a level playing field
and avoids market distortions.
Coordinated Transport Policies in Moscow
Opportunities include:
Infrastructure use charges reflecting the marginal
social costs of travel (e.g. associated with congestion
and level of emissions);
Vehicle registration and ownership charges properly
structured to reflect the emissions, road damage and
congestion they cause;
Fuel taxes, and generally moving from fixed charges
to charges that vary with use;
Carbon pricing;
Parking regulations and fees;
Land value capture and other “indirect beneficiary
pays” measures to reflect the beneficial impacts of
transport and other sectoral investments beyond
those who are directly involved in the transport;
Public-private partnerships that give businesses the
opportunity to voluntarily contribute to the funding
of transport systems, because the businesses
ultimately benefit from the systems;
High Occupancy Tolling (HOT lanes) on high-traffic
roads;
Social impact investment: capturing the longterm
financial benefits of improved road safety
to fund the up-front capital improvement of road
infrastructure;
Across all modes, adjustable combinations of pricing,
regulatory and market-based measures that steer
transport systems to commonly agreed targets of
emissions and other negative externalities while
preserving multiple choices for clients.
Improving the internalization of the social and
environmental costs and benefits of transport would
revolutionize the sector.
One measure that receives considerable policy
attention is the subsidization of fossil fuels. SDG 12,
reflecting the complexity of the fuel subsidy questions,
calls on the international community to “rationalize
Following 20 years of almost uncontrolled
development of urban traffic, the city of Moscow
introduced a rigorous and comprehensive set of
policies to address gridlock on its streets. Within
five years, the complementary measures put in
place have reduced the number of cars in central
Moscow by 25%, despite 600 new cars being
registered in the agglomeration each day.
Measures include the introduction of 67,000 paid
parking spaces generating EUR 90 million in
revenues since 2012 that are invested in
neighbourhood improvements, as well as the
further development of the public transport
network and the introduction of an electronic
travel card facilitating intermodal trips in the city.
Cycling has been kicked-off via the addition of
over 200 kilometres of bicycle paths to the City
that had just 2.3 kilometres of such paths in 2011. A
bicycling sharing system, a car sharing system, the
regulation of taxi services as well as improved
freight logistics in Moscow’s centre have been
introduced. Finally, a governance reform in public
transport now allows for open and competitive
tenders. For their coordinated urban transport
policies and resulting accomplishments, Moscow
received the 2016 Transport Achievement Award of
the International Transport Forum.
Connected to Recommendations: 1, 2, 3, 8
inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful
consumption by removing market distortions, in
accordance with national circumstances, including
by restructuring taxation and phasing out those
harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their
environmental impacts, taking fully into account the
specific needs and conditions of developing countries
and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their
development in a manner that protects the poor and
the affected communities.” 69