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How To Make Transport Sustainable 30<br />
to the existence of sustainable transport plans and the<br />
application of the ‘Avoid-Shift-Improve’ approach. As<br />
noted above, this may mean that planning authorities,<br />
especially on the municipal level, need to receive<br />
technical and financial assistance to develop high-quality<br />
sustainable transport plans.<br />
One Belt, One Road<br />
Engagement with the private sector<br />
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development points<br />
to partnerships, including with the private sector,<br />
as one important means of implementing the SDGs.<br />
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) present the opportunity<br />
to leverage expertise, innovation, financial resources and<br />
policy mechanisms. In addition, national governments<br />
can establish frameworks to encourage PPPs at the local<br />
level, by providing support to the local governments and<br />
enhanced confidence for the private companies. 67<br />
PPPs can pose challenges, because, by definition,<br />
the financial interests of the different parties are not<br />
completely aligned. While individual businesses often<br />
make decisions based on the impetus for corporate<br />
social responsibility, or on the owner’s personal ethical<br />
commitments, the overall driving force is profit.<br />
Safeguards must be enacted to ensure that the principles<br />
of sustainable development are respected, that contracts<br />
are balanced, and that governments select and design<br />
projects appropriate for PPPs with care.<br />
When defined broadly, any private investment in a<br />
public infrastructure project or initiative constitutes<br />
a public-private partnership. From this perspective,<br />
governments have a range of incentive-based tools at<br />
their disposal to encourage investment, including tax<br />
breaks and other positive incentives. Local business<br />
communities may be motivated by these incentives<br />
as well as, more generally, an understanding of the<br />
long-term benefits that can come from public-private<br />
collaboration in the transport sector. In order to<br />
encourage investment in the transport sector, risk must<br />
be held to an acceptable level, governance structures<br />
must be in place to create an enabling environment,<br />
and national governments should support and<br />
empower local level authorities to engage with private<br />
sector partners in a constructive manner. “Crossrail” in<br />
the Greater London area, for instance, mobilized private<br />
sector funding to help defray the costs of a major rail<br />
infrastructure project by making the argument that the<br />
local business community would ultimately profit from<br />
enhanced public transport services. 68<br />
Fiscal- and market-based measures<br />
Innovative user charges and other fiscal instruments<br />
can both raise revenue and manage transport demand,<br />
shifting demand from the private motorized vehicle<br />
China’s One Belt, One Road Initiative (OBOR),<br />
launched in 2013, aims to connect major Eurasian<br />
economies through infrastructure, trade and<br />
investment. The initiative contains two<br />
international trade connections: a land-based “Silk<br />
Road Economic Belt” and an oceangoing “Maritime<br />
Silk Road."<br />
The OBOR encompasses over 65 countries,<br />
accounting for half the world’s population and<br />
40% of GDP. Investment for the OBOR is estimated<br />
between US$4 and US$8 trillion. China’s Silk Road<br />
Fund, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and<br />
public-private financing are all regarded as potential<br />
sources of investment.<br />
While its objectives for transport relate mainly<br />
to the multilateral construction of infrastructure<br />
(transport lines and facilities), the OBOR has<br />
a broad focus. It covers surface transport,<br />
shipping, and aviation—and seeks to deliver<br />
investment to enhance multimodality and mode<br />
integration, road safety, customs clearance, and<br />
the development of standardized policies and<br />
regulations. The OBOR will also promote green<br />
and low-carbon infrastructure construction and<br />
operation management, taking full account of the<br />
impact of climate change in its projects.<br />
Connected to Recommendations: 2, 3, 4, 8, 9<br />
options to walking, cycling, and public transport; and<br />
freight from exclusively road to multimodal solutions<br />
combining road, rail and waterways. In aviation, user<br />
charges are being implemented for air traffic control,<br />
airport access, and other facilities and services, which<br />
make the aviation sector accountable for much of its<br />
infrastructure costs. Aircraft operators may be required<br />
to pay noise or emissions charges under certain<br />
circumstances consistent with aviation taxes and charges<br />
policies. Market-based measures can be used to create<br />
or enhance a “market signal” and provide economic