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Third Industrial Revolution Consulting Group Source: Morgan Stanley Research, cited in Elmer-DeWitt (2016) Internet companies have established a number of partnerships with auto makers. Apple recently made a $1 billion investment in Didi Chuxing, Uber’s rival ride-sharing service in China. 341 Morgan Stanley projects China’s ride-sharing market to be worth $145 billion by 2020 and $500 billion by 2030. Google is partnering with Chrysler on autonomous driven mini-vans while General Motors has invested half a billion dollars in the ride-sharing business Lyft and has bought ride-sharing start-up Cruise Automation for a billion dollars. 342 IBM has teamed with start-up 3D auto printing company, Local Motors, in designing and producing the 3D printed self-driving electric shuttle van, “Ollie”, 343 while Volkswagen’s 2025 Strategy announced in May 2016, is essentially an Internet of Mobility product-as-a-service proclamation. 344 To the knowledge of the working group, no comprehensive general survey on the Sharing Economy exists for Luxembourg. In order to address this, the working group suggests a 341 Bennett, Johanna (2016) Morgan Stanley: More to Apple’s Didi Chuxing Investment “Than Meets the Eye”, Barron’s, May 16, 2016, http://blogs.barrons.com/techtraderdaily/2016/05/16/morgan-stanley-more-to-applesdidi-chuxing-investment-than-meets-the-eye/. 342 Op cit., Hanley (2016). 343 Mlot, Stephanie (2016) IBM Watson Powers 'Olli' Self-Driving Van, PC Magazine, June 16, 2016, http://www.pcmag.com/news/345338/ibm-watson-powers-olli-self-driving-van. 344 Schmitt, Bertel (2016) Volkswagen Strategy 2025: Connectivity, Electrification And Strange Dreams Of An Apple Takeover, Forbes, May 24, 2016, http://www.forbes.com/sites/bertelschmitt/2016/05/24/volkswagen-strategy- 2025-and-the-secret-master-plan-for-an-apple-takeover/#5ae9af2221c5. 396
Third Industrial Revolution Consulting Group correspondent study. Poll results could be helpful to implement pertinent policies. Official figures and statistics about the public’s acceptance of the Sharing Economy in Luxembourg are missing. One reason is the methodological difficulty in tracking and measuring peer-to-peer sharing activities, especially those relying on non-monetary exchanges. Further analysis is required in this domain to enable the integration of value added generated by activities based on new economic models into national accounts by the national statistical office (STATEC) and to consider these activities in the calculation of the economic performance of Luxembourg. Although peer-to-peer exchanges are not a new phenomenon, digitalization of the economy increases the scale of these transactions and makes related measurement issues an urgent priority. Underlying activities have been traditionally captured in national statistics using numerous approaches related to the informal and non-observed economy. The use of intermediation websites may provide a solution to measure generated value in a more accurate way. To this effect, Luxembourg could explore the feasibility of using data collected by intermediary service providers to improve the estimates of activities of unincorporated enterprises. The topic also contains a fiscal issue as precise tracking and measuring is a prerequisite for subjecting these activities to the tax code and allowing the state to collect taxes. Concerning the measurement of GDP, another issue must be broached: free assets produced by users. While using (free) digital products, vast amounts of data are generated. This data represents a value asset for the provider as it is collected and commercially exploited (data mining, Big Data analytics, sale to data brokers, etc.). The value added by the users is difficult to evaluate. When the provider is registered in the same country as the user, there should be no impact on total GDP as the whole value is generated in the same national territory and the provider’s activity is likely to be captured in national accounts. However, when provider and user are not registered in the same country, there may be an impact on GDP as part of the value chain – namely the value generated by the user is not accounted for in the country it was generated. A related topic is the creation of public goods using labor provided for free. Typical examples in this domain are open source software (e.g. Linux) and knowledge (e.g. Wikipedia). Within the current accounting framework, the services provided by prosumers and the time they spend on developing or improving the public good do not enter into GDP. The creation – within a public administration – of a directorate in charge of the Sharing Economy and all related issues could help to bundle the efforts and deal with the different aspects of the Sharing Economy in a target-oriented way. 397
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