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Third Industrial Revolution Consulting Group available – ceramic, metal, and diverse polymers – and the various processes used – jetting or laser, liquid or powder or liquid – not all are green or highly efficient. 174,175,176,177 In fact, the melting required of some polymers are more energy-intensive by one to two orders of magnitude more than conventional industrial practices, while some powders are not recyclable. 178 Moreover, the release of air emissions and fine particles during some 3D printing processes raises health concerns that need to be resolved. 179 In some scenarios, mass scaling of such products would not be sustainable, resulting in excess consumption of resources. Herein lies a great opportunity for Luxembourg’s rich array of industrial and manufacturing firms to work closely with the nation’s and EU’s leading R&D and Innovation centers to further the state-of-play in green, lean, clean, sustainable AM and 3D printing products that fully integrate into a circular economy. A local 3D printer can also power his or her fabrication lab with green electricity harvested from renewable energy onsite or generated by local producer cooperatives at near zero marginal cost. Small- and medium-sized enterprises in Europe and elsewhere are already beginning to collaborate in regional green-electricity cooperatives to take advantage of lateral scaling. While 3D printing technology is the digital heart of the new info-facturing processes that are transforming industrial production, a range of other digital technologies coming online also amplify the optimization of aggregate efficiencies and productivity. Virtual product design dramatically shortens the research, development, and deployment of new product lines and reduces the upfront cost of getting the product to market. Smarter robots that can learn from their mistakes and integrate Big Data feedback from other best practices in real time, transforms robotics from a dumb linear mechanical process to a smart cognitive exponential learning curve. Smart robots continually upgrade their capacities by mining incoming Big Data 174 Faludi, Jeremy, Zhongyin Hu, Shahd Alrashed, Christopher Braunholz, Suneesh Kaul, and Leulekal Kassa (2015) Does Material Choice Drive Sustainability of 3D Printing? World, Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial and Mechatronics Engineering, v9:2, 2015. 175 Faludi, J., C. Bayley, M. Iribane, S. Bhogal, (2015) "Comparing Environmental Impacts of Additive Manufacturing vs. Traditional Machining via Life-Cycle Assessment," Journal of Rapid Prototyping.to be published 2015. 176 Faludi, J., R. Ganeriwala, B. Kelly, T. Rygg, T. Yang, (2014) "Sustainability of 3D Printing vs. Machining: Do Machine Type & Size Matter?" Proceedings of EcoBalance Conference, Japan 2014. 177 Tabone, Michaelangelo D., James J. Cregg, Eric J. Beckman, and Amy E. Landis (2010) "Sustainability metrics: life cycle assessment and green design in polymers," Environmental Science & Technology 44.21. 178 Oxman, N., J. Laucks, M. Kayser, E. Tsai, and M. Firstenberg Freeform 3D Printing: Towards a Sustainable Approach to Additive Manufacturing, Mediated Matter Group, MIT Media Lab. 179 Stephens, Brent, Parham Azimi, Zeineb El Orch, and Tiffanie Ramos (2013) "Ultrafine particle emissions from desktop 3D printers," Atmospheric Environment 79: 334-339. 204
Third Industrial Revolution Consulting Group with analytics. Augmented reality – or virtual reality – allows work teams to be on-site and participate in a work environment as if they were there, allowing them to interact with machines and colleagues in real-time. Eliminating temporal and spatial constraints and boundaries allow global work teams to interact intimately with one another, increasing the efficacy of engagement. It needs to be emphasized that the smart new info-facturing is only made possible by plugging into the Internet of Things infrastructure. The convergence of the Communication Internet, the digitalized Renewable Energy Internet, and the digitalized automated Transportation and Logistics Internet atop the IoT platform allows info-facturers to dramatically increase their productivity and reduce their marginal cost of managing, powering, and moving economic activity across their value chains. 3D printing, virtual design, robots that learn on the job, and augmented reality work environments will benefit all of the key industrial sectors of Luxembourg in the digital era. Many of Europe’s global manufacturing enterprises will continue to flourish, but will be fundamentally transformed by the democratization of manufacturing, which favors a high-tech renaissance for small and medium sized enterprises. Europe’s manufacturing giants will increasingly partner with a new generation of 3D-printing small and medium sized enterprises in collaborative networks. While much of the manufacturing will be done by SME’s that can leverage the increased efficiencies and productivity gains of lateral economies of scale, the giant enterprises will increasingly find value in aggregating, integrating, and managing the marketing and distributing of products. The transition from the Second to the Third Industrial Revolution will not occur overnight but, rather, take place of over the next 25 to 35 years. Many of today’s global corporations will successfully manage the transition by adopting the new distributed and collaborative business models of the Third Industrial Revolution while continuing their traditional Second Industrial Revolution business practices. The establishment of the Third Industrial Revolution Internet of Things infrastructure in Luxembourg will necessitate the active engagement of virtually every commercial sector, spur commercial innovations, promote Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SME’s), and employ thousands of workers over the next thirty-five years. The power and electricity transmission companies, the telecommunication industry, the construction and real estate industries, the ICT sector, the electronics industry, transportation and logistics, the manufacturing sector, the lifesciences industry, and retail trade will all need to be brought into the process. Many of today’s leading companies, as well as new commercial players, will help establish and manage the Internet of Things platform, allowing thousands of others—small, medium, and large sized 205
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