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Third Industrial Revolution Consulting Group Change in Luxembourg GHG emissions/removals from 1990 to 2012, % Change in GHG emissions/removals from 1990 to 2012, % 1. Energy 0.64 -------------------------------------- 1.A.1. Energy industries 2812.5 1.A.2. Mfg. industries and construction -79.7 1.A.3. Transport 1.A.4. Other sectors 1.A.5. Other 1.B. Fugitive emissions 139.5 22.7 0.0 146.8 -------------------------------------- 2. Industrial processes 3. Solvents 4. Agriculture -62.3 -49.1 -10.2 5. LULUCF -232.1 6. Waste -39.1 7. Other 0.0 -500.00 0.00 500.00 1000.00 1500.00 2000.00 2500.00 3000.00 Source: UN (2013) Summary of GHG Emissions for Luxembourg, UN Climate Change Secretariat GHG emissions by gas 1990 (without LULUCF) 2012 (without LULUCF) Ongoing research on the persistence and durability of soil carbon restoration indicates several factors of uncertainty. As recently summarized, “the net sequestration of GHGs by the land N2O 3.69% surface may even diminish HFCs+PFCs+SF6 N2O as methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions increase with CH4 0.10% 3.93% further intensification of agriculture and forestry.” 127 CH4 HFCs+PFCs+SF6 3.58% 3.61% 0.64% Ongoing, accurate, and increasingly finegrained measurement is imperative to provide the level of assurance that soil carbon sinks are persisting, and not becoming GHG sources over time. The Internet of Things can play a highly effective role in providing the monitoring, measurement and verification functions, from the CO2 CO2 91.82% farm field through all the steps 92.62% and stages of the agriculture value chain. In addition to GHG 1990 (with emissions, LULUCF) the agriculture sector’s use of pesticides 2012 (with and LULUCF) fertilizers continues to impact the nation’s water resources. The quality of two thirds of Luxembourg's groundwater was ranked unsatisfactory in 2015 according to Carole Dieschbourg, Minister of Environment. N2O 3.64% HFCs+PFCs+SF6 0.10% CH4 0.66% A pesticide spill 3.49% in 2014 resulted in the considerable contamination CH4 of the lake of Esch-sur Sûre, 3.75% the main drinking water reservoir of the country, leading to a ban on the herbicide Metolachlor, as well as tight new restrictions on the application of the herbicide Metazachlor. Monitoring from 2008—2012 detected pesticides at 70% below ground monitoring points. CO2 92.77% N2O 4.12% HFCs+PFCs+SF6 CO2 91.47% 127 Schulze ,E.D., S. Luyssaert, P. Ciais, A. Freibauer, J.A.. Janssens et al (2016) Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe’s terrestrial greenhouse-gas GHG emissions balance, by sector Nature (without Geoscience, LULUCF) Vol. 2, December 2009, http://www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. 1990 . 2012 Industrial Processes 12.57% Solvents 0.19% Agriculture 5.77% Waste 0.64% Other 0.00% Solvents 0.10% Industrial Processes 5.16% Agriculture 5.65% Waste 0.42% Other 0.00% 162
Third Industrial Revolution Consulting Group Besides pesticides, the major threat to Luxembourg’s water quality is nitrate runoff. It is estimated that more than 70% of Luxembourg’s surface water may not comply with the EU's 2015 targets for chemical and biological quality (EU Water Framework Directive). Roughly onetenth of the below ground monitoring points indicated nitrates exceeded concentration limits. Luxembourg’s agriculture sector does show continued progress in reducing both the total amount of fertilizer and the applications per hectare, as shown in the following chart. Luxembourg Agriculture Consumption of mineral fertilizer, 1999-2014 Source: Luxembourg SER (2015) Agriculture Statistics, Service d’Economie Rurale, http://www.ser.public.lu/statistics/index.html Share of production of renewable energy from agriculture and forestry to total production of primary energy (%), 2010, EU-27 Source: Eurostat (2013) 128 128 Eurostat (2013) Agri-environmental indicator - renewable energy production, DG Agriculture and Rural Development, ePURE, European Biodiesel Board (EBB), EurObservER, Eurostat Energy Statistics, 163
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